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Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture > Lecture Week 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane of a cell?

A
  1. Separates intracellular from extracellular environment
  2. Controls movement between intracellular and extracellular environment
  3. Responds to the environment
  4. Provides structural support
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2
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane of a cell?

A
  1. Phospholipid bilayer
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Membrane proteins
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3
Q

What are the components of Cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol, cytoskeleton components, organelles

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4
Q

What does the nuclear envelope lie between?

A

Nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

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4
Q

What does the plasma membrane of a cell lie between?

A

Intracellular and extracellular environments

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5
Q

What is glycerol + 2 fatty acids called?

A

Diglyceride

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6
Q

Hydrophilic head does or does not interact with water?

A

Interacts with water

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7
Q

Hydrophobic tails does or does not interact with water?

A

Does not interact with water

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8
Q

When a phospholipid bilayer occurs, will the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails arrange themselves?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Where do the hydrophilic heads go in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Outer surface

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10
Q

Where do the hydrophobic tails go in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Interior (protected from water)

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11
Q

Will you find cholesterol molecules embedded in a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What do cholesterol molecules embedded in phospholipid bilayer do?

A
  1. Can strengthen and stiffen plasma membrane
  2. Decreases effective temp on cells plasma membrane
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13
Q

What is the order of a phospholipid bilayer when arranged? Top to bottom

A

Heads, tails, tails, head

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14
Q

What is a transmembrane protein?

A

Goes from top to bottom of phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

Only on top or bottom of phospholipid bilayer (does not extend top to bottom)

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16
Q

What do microfilaments do in cell structure?

A

Strength, support, cell movement
-support microvilli for absorption
-form terminal web for plasma membrane support

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17
Q

What do microtubules do in cell structure?

A

Strength, organelle movement
-centrioles within the centrosome distribute chromosomes during cell division
-cilia move materials over the surface of a cell (short, numerous)
-flagella allow sperm cells to swim (long, singular)

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18
Q

How could you describe cilia and flagella?

A

Hair like cellular extensions

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19
Q

What serves as a holding spot for microtubules?

A

Centrosome

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20
Q

What are centrioles formed from?

A

Microtubules

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21
Q

What is cilium formed by?

A

Microtubules

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22
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Sites for protein synthesis

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23
Q

What are the two kinds of ribosomes?

A

Free and Fixed

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24
Q

What is a free ribosome?

A

-Produce protein for the cytosol
-Some ribosomes are single, some form chains called polyribosomes

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25
Q

What is a fixed ribosome?

A

-Produce proteins for secretion or storage
-Attached to a structure

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26
Q

What are membranous organelles formed from?

A

Phospholipid bilayers

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27
Q

What are the two parts of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

Rough and Smooth

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28
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Contains fixed ribosomes, main site for making proteins

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29
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reiculum?

A

Site assembling lipids

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30
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Membrane bubbles of phospholipid bilayers

31
Q

What are the two kinds of vesicles?

A

Transport and Secretory

32
Q

What is a transport vesicle?

A

Carry substance from one part of cell to another

33
Q

What is a secretory vesicle?

A

Secrete substances from plasma membrane

34
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A

Modifies, packages, and distributes the products of the ER to where they need to go
-remember this as “shipping and handling”

35
Q

What are the two kinds of storage vesicles?

A

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

36
Q

What do Lysosome storage vesicles do?

A

Store enzymes for intracellular digestion

37
Q

What do Peroxisome storage vesicles do?

A

Contain enzymes to degrade toxins

38
Q

What does mitochondria do?

A

Sites for cellular respiration

39
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Process that allows to extract energy from nutrients in food

40
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus formed from and how does it look?

A

-Formed from phospholipid bilayer
-Appears flat and stacked

41
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

42
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Allow particles to go between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm (and vice versa)

43
Q

What makes up chromatin?

A

DNA and proteins

44
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Tightly packed chromatin fibers that form during cell division

45
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A region where ribosomal subunits are being produced

46
Q

What makes up nucleoplasm?

A

Thread like structures called chromatin

47
Q

What are the two parts of a ribosome?

A

Small subunit and large subunit

48
Q

What happens after the ribosome subunits are made in the nucleolus?

A

Will go through nuclear pore, large and small subunit link together in cytoplasm to form ribosome

49
Q

Where are components of ribosomes made?

A

Nucleolus

50
Q

What are passive processes in movement across the plasma membrane?

A

Do not require cell to spend energy to fuel process

51
Q

What are the three passive processes?

A

Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion

52
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Movement of solute and solvent down their concentration gradients until a state of equilibrium is reached

53
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

When molecules are crossing phospholipid bilayer of a plasma membrane or moving through channel proteins

54
Q

What are the factors that affect diffusion rate?

A

Solute molecular size, temperature, steepness of concentration gradient, electrical forces

55
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across plasma membrane in response to differing solute concentrations

56
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Force exerted by water as it moves across the membrane

57
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

osmotic pressure may cause cell to swell lysis (to break)

58
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

leads to crenation (cell shrivels up)

59
Q

What is isotonic?

A

Maintains normal cell shape

60
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Form of carrier-mediated transport that involves diffusion of solute across plasma membrane via carrier proteins

61
Q

What do active processes require?

A

Energy to fuel process

62
Q

What are the two types of active processes?

A

Active transport and Vesicular Transport

63
Q

What are the two types of Vesicular Transport

A

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

64
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of solute across the plasma membrane from region of low concentration to region of high concentration via carrier proteins

65
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Movement of substance across plasma membrane via formation of vesicle (brings material into cell)

66
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

Moves specific solutes into cytoplasm

67
Q

Pinocytosis?

A

Moves fluid (cell drinking)

68
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Moves solid (cell eating)

69
Q

Exocytosis?

A

Movement of substance across plasma membrane via fusion of a vesicle with plasma membrane (takes material out of cell)

70
Q

What is a solute?

A

Substance that can be dissolved by solvent

71
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Substance that dissolves solute

72
Q

What is a solution?

A

Mixture of solvent and solute substances

73
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

Range of concentrations for solute and solvent from high to low over distance

74
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Some substances can cross the membrane while some substances can’t

Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture (21 decks)

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