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Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture > Lecture Week 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of structure

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of function

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3
Q

What are the principle levels of organization in humans?

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

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4
Q

What are the basic principles of the cell theory?

A

-Cells are the structural building blocks of all organisms
-New cells only arise when other cell divides
-Cells are the smallest units of life

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

Best current explanation for something that we’ve observed - can always be disproven

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6
Q

What is tissue?

A

Collection of similarly specialized cells

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7
Q

What are the 4 main categories of tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural/Nervous

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8
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue?

A

-Covers and protects exposed surfaces
-Lines internal passageways and chambers

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9
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

-Fills internal spaces
-Provides structural support
-Stores energy

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10
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Contracts to produce movement

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11
Q

What are fibers?

A

Cells of muscle tissues

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12
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

-Contains cells called neurons that help nerve impulses communicate
-conducts electrical impulses
-carries information

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13
Q

What are organs?

A

Formed from collection of different tissue

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14
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Team of organs that work together

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15
Q

What is an organism?

A

Everything working together in the body

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16
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Refers to a stable internal environment

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17
Q

How do you maintain homeostasis?

A

Homeostatic regulation

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18
Q

What is homeostatic regulation?

A

-Drives system back to where it should be
-Occurs by responding when conditions move from set point

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19
Q

What are the three components of Homeostatic Regulation?

A

-Receptor: monitors
-Control Center: coordinates response
-Effector: directs factor back to set point

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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Monitors body temp

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21
Q

What happens when the body temp drops below normal?

A

Nervous system signals dermal vessels to constrict

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22
Q

What happens when the body temp gets too high?

A

Nerve impulses are sent out which causes warm blood flow to lose excess heat causing temp to drop

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23
Q

How does Homeostatic regulation primarily operate?

A

By negative feedback

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24
Q

How to describe anatomical position?

A

Standing up right, feet pointing forward, limbs at sides of body, palms of hands facing forward

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25
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

In front

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26
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

Behind

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27
Q

Superior

A

Above

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28
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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29
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline

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30
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from midline

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31
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to attachment point (ex. elbow is proximal to shoulder)

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32
Q

Distal

A

Farther from attachment point (ex. wrist is distal to shoulder)

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33
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to body surface

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34
Q

Deep

A

More internal

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35
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane divides body left and right

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36
Q

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

A

Cuts through body separating superior and inferior portion

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37
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

Separates front and back of body

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38
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

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39
Q

What are the two main parts of the dorsal cavity?

A

-Cranial: contains brain and skull bones
-Vertebral: spinal cord

40
Q

What do the brain and spinal cord form?

A

Central Nervous System
-enclosed in dorsal cavity

41
Q

What does the ventral body cavity include?

A

Thoracic Cavity: heart, lungs
Abdominopelvic
-separated by diaphragm

42
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Flat, muscular structure that sits below lungs

43
Q

What is in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

-Abdominal Cavity: liver, small intestine, spleen, stomach, gallbladder, large intestine
-Pelvic Cavity: urinary bladder, internal repro. organs

44
Q

Visceral

A

Serous membrane attached to surface of organ

45
Q

Parietal

A

Lining part of body cavity

46
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

Associated with lungs

47
Q

Pericardial Membrane

A

Associated with heart

48
Q

Peritoneal Membrane

A

Associated with abdominopelvic cavity

49
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Walls of tissues and organs between the two lungs

50
Q

What are the organs in the Integumentary System?

A

Cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis), hair follicles, sweat glands, nails, sensory receptors, hypodermis

51
Q

What is the function of the Integumentary System?

A

Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temp

52
Q

What are the organs in the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, joints, bone marrow

53
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells

54
Q

What are the organs in the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular), tendons

55
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

Produce movement; provide support; generate heat

56
Q

What are the organs in the Nervous System?

A

Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, special senses), Peripheral nervous system

57
Q

What is the function of the Nervous System?

A

Transmits signals from brain to the rest of the body

58
Q

What are the organs in the Endocrine System?

A

Pineal Gland, Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, ovaries, testes

59
Q

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

A

Direct long term changes in other organ systems

60
Q

What are the organs in the Cardiovascular System?

A

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood

61
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular System?

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials, including waste, gas, nutrients

62
Q

What are the organs in the Lymphatic System?

A

Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

63
Q

What is the function of the Lymphatic System?

A

Defend against infection and disease; return tissue fluid to bloodstream

64
Q

What are the organs in the Respiratory System?

A

Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

65
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs

66
Q

What are the organs in the Digestive System?

A

Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine

67
Q

What is the function of the Digestive System?

A

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

68
Q

What are the organs in the Urinary System?

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, urethra

69
Q

What is the function of the Urinary System?

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, wastes

70
Q

What are the organs in the female Reproductive System?

A

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

71
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A

Produces sex cells and hormones; supports from fertilization to birth

72
Q

What are the organs in the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, epididymis, prostate glands, urethra

73
Q

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

A

Produce sex cells and hormones

74
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

Causes greater deviation from normal

75
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

76
Q

What are atoms?

A

Smallest stable subunits of matter

77
Q

What are subatomic particles?

A

Components of atoms and differ according to mass, charge, location

78
Q

Atomic Number?

A

Number of protons in an atom

79
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that consist of only atoms with the same atomic number

80
Q

What is a chemical symbol?

A

Abbreviation that represents a particular element

81
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Protons + neutrons

82
Q

How many electrons does each energy level/electron shell hold?

A

1st: 2 electrons
2nd: 8 electrons
3rd: 8 electrons

83
Q

What is the outermost shell called?

A

Valence Shell

84
Q

What are ions?

A

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons to have a stable valence shell

85
Q

What are cations?

A

lost electrons —- positive charge

86
Q

What are anions?

A

gained electrons —- negative charge

87
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers

88
Q

What are compounds?

A

Molecules together that contain more than one type of element

89
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Attraction between cations and anions

90
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Based on sharing of electron pairs between atoms

91
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Attraction between positive and negative charge
-think magnets

92
Q

What are substances called that ionize when dissolved in water?

A

Electrolytes

93
Q

What are acids?

A

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions

94
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Support cell movement

95
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Strengthen and support organelle movement

Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture (21 decks)

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