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Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture > Lecture Week 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Molecules are either organic or inorangic?

A

True

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3
Q

What are the three main groups of Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

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4
Q

What are the two kinds of Monosaccharides?

A

Pentose and Hexose

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5
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

By how many carbons they have

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6
Q

What are two pentose sugars?

A

Deoxyribose and Ribose

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7
Q

What are the three hexose sugars?

A

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

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8
Q

What is the primary nutrient of which we get energy?

A

Glucose

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9
Q

What are the three disaccharides?

A

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

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10
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together

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11
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Glucose + fructose

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12
Q

What is lactose?

A

Glucose + galactose

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13
Q

What is maltose?

A

Glucose + glucose

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14
Q

What are the three polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose, starch, glycogen

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15
Q

What do Lipids not do?

A

Dissolve in water
Ex. oil

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16
Q

What are the four main categories of lipids?

A

Fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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17
Q

What are the three kinds of fatty acids?

A

Saturated, Unsaturated, Polyunsaturated

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18
Q

What do saturated fatty acids mean?

A

No double bonds

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19
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids mean?

A

One or more double bonds

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20
Q

What do polyunsaturated fatty acids mean?

A

Numerous double bonds

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21
Q

What are proteins?

A

Most functionally diverse group of organic chemicals, consist of subunits called amino acids

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22
Q

What are examples of proteins?

A

Hormones, antibodies, transport protein (carry oxygen to body)

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23
Q

What are two amino acids called?

A

Dipeptide

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24
Q

What is a short chain of amino acids called?

A

Peptide

25
Q

What is a longer chain of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide

26
Q

What is 100+ amino acids called?

A

Protein

27
Q

Acid group + amino group =

A

Peptide bond

28
Q

What is the function of glycerides?

A

Long term energy storage and insulation

29
Q

What are glycerides?

A

Have fatty acids attached to a molecule called glycerol

30
Q

What are the types of glycerides?

A

Triglycerides, Diglycerides, Monoglycerides

31
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

32
Q

Triglycerides frozen at room temp are?

A

Fats

33
Q

Triglycerides liquid at room temp are?

A

Oils

34
Q

what is a diglyceride?

A

2 fatty acids attached to glycerol

35
Q

what is a monoglyceride?

A

1 fatty acid attached to glycerol

36
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

Type of molecule that forms the plasma membrane and membranous cell structure

37
Q

What are the components of a phospholipid?

A

Diglyceride and phosphate group

38
Q

What are the regions of phospholipid?

A

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic

39
Q

Hydrophilic?

A

Polar “head”, gets along with water

40
Q

Hydrophobic?

A

Nonpolar “tails”, does not get along with water

41
Q

How to define steroid?

A

Have a backbone that consists of four carbon rings with functional groups attached

42
Q

What are the levels of Protein structure?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

43
Q

What is the primary level of protein structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids

44
Q

What is the secondary level of protein structure?

A

H-bonding between amino acids, two types

45
Q

What are the two types of secondary level of protein structure?

A

Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet

46
Q

What is the tertiary level of protein structure?

A

H-bonding and covalent bonding between amino acids produces a 3D arrangement of the secondary structures

47
Q

What is the quaternary level of protein structure?

A

Two or more polypeptides connect, shapes

48
Q

What are the shapes of the quaternary level of protein structure?

A

Fibrous (long, thread-like), Globular (rounded/oval)

49
Q

What do enzymes do as far as activation energy for chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes DECREASE activation energy requirements for chemical reactions

50
Q

How do enzymes decrease activation requirements?

A

-Catabolic reactions (stressing chemical bonds so they break)
-Anabolic reactions (position substrates so that chemical bonds are likely to form)

51
Q

What are the characteristics of an enzyme?

A

Names typically end in -ase
Each can catalyze only one type of reaction
Are reusable
Each has optimal temp and pH

52
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Acidic molecules most abundant in cell nucleus

53
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

54
Q

What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A

Hereditary material that stores instructions for the production of protein and RNA molecules that are responsible for our inherited traits

55
Q

What is Ribonucleic Acid?

A

Molecules that change genetic instructions into physical characteristics (gene expression)

56
Q

What are nucleic acids formed from?

A

Smaller subunits called nucleotides

57
Q

What are the characteristics of RNA and DNA?

A

RNA is a single chain of nucleotides, DNA has two nucleotide chains that are twisted to form a double helix

58
Q

Nucleotide Components?

A

Phosphate group, Sugar, nitrogenous base

Anatomy & Physiology I Lecture (21 decks)

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