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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lecture: Urinary, Kidney, Electrolyte/Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Lecture: Urinary, Kidney, Electrolyte/Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the urinary system derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located in infants and then adulthood?

A

Pelvis and then moves to the abdomen (retro peritoneum)

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3
Q

Function unit of kidney

A

Nephron

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4
Q

Senses sodium passing in distal convoluted tube

A

Macula densa

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5
Q

Cells that make the enzyme renin

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

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6
Q

Avg force of pushing water and soluters out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. HP gc (OUTWARD PRESSURE)

A

55-60 mmHg

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7
Q

Glomerulus is made with what kind of endothelium for filtration membrane permeability?

A

Fenestrated endothelium (only fits 3 nm or smaller molecules)

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8
Q

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues. Controls blood pressure with renin

A

Erythropoietin

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9
Q

Account for 85% of kidneys nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons

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10
Q

play an important role in kidney’s ability to produce concentrated urine

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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11
Q

Glomerulus produces the ___________

A

filtrate

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12
Q

Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta _________ most of the ___________

A

reclaims; filtrate

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13
Q

Region where most distal portion of ascending limb of the nephron loops lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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14
Q

Where are macula dense cells found?

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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15
Q

Where are JG cells found?

A

Arteriole wall

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16
Q

No urination/kidney stops functioning

A

Anuria

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17
Q

Urinating less than 50 ml/ day

A

Oliguria

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18
Q

Normal urination per day

A

1-2 L or 1,000-2,000 ml per day

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19
Q

What is the kidneys MAP

A

93 mmHg. Less than 80 will not be able to filter properly

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20
Q

The 3 steps in the kidney

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
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21
Q

Take place in the renal corpuscle and produces a cell- and protein-free filtrate,

A

Step 1. Filtration
(dumping into the waste container)

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22
Q

The process of selectively moving substances from filtrate back into the blood. Takes place in renal tubules and collecting ducts.

A
  1. Reabsorption: glucose, amino acids, water, salt..
    (reclaiming what the body needs to keep)
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23
Q

Process of selectively moving substances from the blood into the filtrate

A
  1. Secretion:
    (selectively adding back to the waste container)
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24
Q

How much plasma is filtered through glomeruli per minute?

A

120-125 ml

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25
Q

About _____ ml of blood passes through gomeruli per min, about ______ ml is plasma

A

1200 ml; 650 ml

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26
Q

A passive process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through a membrane

A

Glomerular filtration

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27
Q

The pressure exerted by proteins in the blood

A

Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries OP gc

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28
Q

What is the avg colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular cappilaries? OP gc
(protein trying to bring back filtrate into the glomerulus) INWARD PRESSURE

A

30 mmHg

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29
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space? HP cs
(pressure exerted by fitrate in the glomerular capsule) INWARD PRESSURE

A

15 mmHg

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30
Q

How is net filtration pressure found?

A

(HP gc) - (OP cs + HP cs) = NFP
ex: 55 mmHg - (30 mmhg + 15 mmHg) = 10 mmHg`

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31
Q

Intrinsic Regulation of Glomerular Filtration

A

Renal autoregulation:
Myogenic Mechanism
Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism

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32
Q

In vascular smooth muscle, when afferent arteriole is stretched (pressure rises) it will contract to regulate GFR and when it doesn’t stretch (pressure drops) the muscle relaxes

A

Intrinsic: Myogenic Regulation

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33
Q

Directed by macula dense cells of Juxtaglomerular complex

A

Intrinsic: Tubuloglomerular Feedback Regulation

34
Q

When GFR increases, there is not enough time for reabsorption and the concentration of filtrate remains high. Macula densa sense high levels of NaCl and…

A

Release vasoconstrictor chemicals to constrict afferent arteriole, reducing blood flow into glomerulus.

35
Q

What happens when LOW FILTRATE FLOW and NaCl concentration is detected to be low in ascending loops’ macula densa cells?

A

Tubuloglomerular regulation senses signals to DILATE afferent arteriole to INCREASE GFR, then RENIN is released by JG cells to raise BP

36
Q

Angiotensin II causes what

A

-Decrease efferent arteriole diameter (constricts)
-Decrease bloow flow out of glomerulus
-Increase HPgc
-Increase GFR

36
Q

Angiotensin II causes what

A

-Decrease efferent arteriole diameter (constricts)
-Decrease bloow flow out of glomerulus
-Increase HPgc
-Increase GFR

37
Q

a corticosteroid hormone which stimulates Na+ absorption of sodium by the kidneys and so regulates water and salt balance which then increases BP

A

Aldosterone

38
Q

Once MAP drops below 80 mmHg kidneys, what kind of regulation takes over?

A

Extrinsic regulation; RAA or sympathetic

39
Q

Effects of macula densa releasing vasoconstrictor:

A

-GFR decreases
-Tubular filtrate flow slows
-Reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions increase bc they have more time

40
Q

Effects of macula densa releasing vasoconstrictor:

A

-GFR decreases
-Tubular filtrate flow slows
-Reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions increase bc they have more time

41
Q

What does the macula densa do?

A

Monitors filtrate concentration autoregulates itself

42
Q

What are the extrinsic controls for regulation?

A

Neural (sympathetic nervous system)
Hormonal (RAA system)

43
Q

When blood pressure falls, sympathetic nerve fibers release _____ to cause vascular smooth muscles to constrict, increasing peripheral resistance and bringing blood pressure back to normal

A

Norepinephrine + Epinephrine (released by adrenal gland)`

44
Q

Are baroreceptors a part of intrinsic or extrinsic renal regulation?

A

Extrinsic sympathetic nervous system controls

45
Q

3 pathways to stimulate granular cells to release renin

A
  1. Symp. nervous system barocreceptors to release renin
  2. Activated macula densa cells
  3. Mechanoreceptors detect stretch (v MAP, more renin)
46
Q

The slower the GFR the _______ the concentration of filtrate

A

Lower the concentration of filtrate

47
Q

The faster the GFR the ________ the concentration of filtrate

A

Higher concentration of filtrate (less time to filter reabsorb)

48
Q

Permeable to water, not salt
Water leaves the tubule + becomes more concentrated

A

Descending loop of henle

49
Q

Impermeable to water, pumps out salt to space around tubule
Na+, Cl-, K+

A

Ascending loop of henle

50
Q

If theres an increase is ADH, what happens to the collecting duct

A

Higher permeability to water:
Then higher concentration of urine:
Then volume of urine decrease:
Then increase bld. vol. + pressure

51
Q

If theres a decrease is ADH, what happens to the collecting duct

A

Lower permeability to water:
More dilute urine:
Then vol. urine increases:
Then bld. vol. + bld. pressure decreases

52
Q

Too high of Potassium

A

Hyperkalemia

53
Q

Where does ADH come from?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

54
Q

Freely filtered in glomerulus; not reabsorbed or secreted

A

Inulin

55
Q

Clearance=

A

C=ml/min

56
Q

Clearance of Inulin

A

Ci=125ml/min (normal GFR filtration)

57
Q

Normal volume of urine per day

A

1-2 L/day

58
Q

insufficient aldosterone production. A disorder in which the adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones.

A

Addison’s Disease

59
Q

% of H20 in body

A

60%

60
Q

Intracellular fluid % in body

A

40%

61
Q

Extracellular fluid % in body

A

20% IF + PLASMA

62
Q

Most important IF cation

A

Na+

63
Q

Most important ICF cation

A

K+

64
Q

Normal H2O intake

A

2500 ml/day

65
Q

Where does Renin come from?

A

Medulla triggers Renin to come from kidneys

66
Q

Hormone that increases salt and water intake

A

Angiotensin 1

67
Q

MAP=

A

Diastolic - (PP / 3)

68
Q

A condition involving abnormally high levels of waste products in the blood.

A

Uremia

69
Q

Tx of uermia

A

Hemodialysis (mechanically filters blood)

70
Q

Urinating too frequently at night

A

Nocturia

71
Q

Senses ECF osmolality

A

Osmolality

72
Q

Post pit gland produces…

A

ADH and thirst mechanisms

73
Q

Passing abnormally large amounts of urine.

A

Polyuria

74
Q

Increased neuromuscular excitability

A

Hypercalcemia

75
Q

Decreased neuromuscular excitability

A

Hypocalcemia

76
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Muscle twitches, weakness

77
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Heart palpitation, metabolic acidosis

78
Q

How much plasma is filtered per day

A

200 L /day

79
Q

How much blood is filtered per min

A

1.25 L/min

80
Q

_____ L is reabsorbed into circulation, _____ L is secreted back to eliminate as urine

A

197 L, 3L

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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