Lecture: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
The blood vessels on the right side of the heart carry oxygen-poor blood from body tissues and then pump the blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide
Pulmonary circuit
The Blood vessels on the left side of the heart receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients. What circuit is this?
Systemic circuit
How much does a heart weigh?
About 300-350 g or less than a pound
Where is the heart located?
T5-T8, middle mediastinum
Where is the apex located?
near the 5th intercostal space
Pericardium
double walled sac enclosing the heart
Fibrous pericardium
the loose fitting superficial part of the pericardium
dense irregular CT
What does the fibrous pericardium provide to the heart?
anchors it to surrounding structures
protects the heart
Serous pericardium
deep to the fibrous pericardium
thin slippery serous membrane that encloses the heart
prevents friction
Parietal layer of serous pericardium..
attaches to fibrous pericardium
Visceral (epicardium) layer..
attaches/is the surface of the heart
Inflammation of the pericardium
pericardities
Heart wall has:
3 layers
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Space between serous layers
Pericardial cavity
outer, visceral serous pericardium
Epicardium
middle, cardiac muscle, contracts to pups
Myocardium (muscle heart)
inner lining of endothelium
Endocardium (inside heart)
too much serous fluid
Cardiac tamponade
wall between atria
Interatrial septum
separates the ventricles
Interventricular septum
Right atrium is mostly
anterior
Left atrium is mostly
posterior
Auricles
ear like structures of the atria made up of _______ muscle
Muscle bundles in ridges of the wall of the heart atria
Pectinate muscles
Recieving chambers
Atria
Discharging chambers
Ventricles
How does the blood enter the right atrium
3 veins:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
The coronary sinus
Returns blood from body areas superior to the diaphragm
Superior vena cava
Returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
Collects blood draining from the myocardium
Coronary sinus
underside
Ventr
CT that separates the muscle of atria from ventricle
Fibrous skeleton
Right ventricle pumps blood into the
Pulmonary trunk
Left ventricle pumps blood into the
Aorta
What are the two Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Right tricuspid valve
Left mitral valve
Prevents regurgitation of blood into atria during contraction
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
White collagen cords attached to AV valve flaps
Chordae tendinae
High pressure caused by ventricular contraction
Systole
the peak pressure, caused by the contracting ventricles
top number
Systolic blood pressure
the pressure in your arteries when the ventricles are relaxed
Diastolic blood pressure
primary germ layer
mesodermal derivative
What are the tubes that develop into the heart by fusing?
Endothelial tubes
Rightward twisting
Dextral looping
Tube develops what 4 bulges
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbous cordis + TRUCUS arteriosus
Abnormal looping in a left direction
Levo looping
Receives all venous blood from embryo and pumps it out
Sinus venosus
What does the Sinus Venosus give rise to?
Smooth wall section of RT atrium
Coronary sinus
Sinoatrial node (sets early heart rate)
Bulbous Cordis and Trucus Arteriosus give rise to
Pulmonary trunk
Ascending aorta
Rt ventricle
Pumps out arterial blood
Bulbous cordis and Trucus Arteriosus
Aorta and pulmonary artery
If septum don’t close within the atria or ventricles then..
proper oxygenation will not occur
externally seperates atria from ventricles
Coronary sulcus
Ridges of myocardium
Trabeculae carnae
Decreased blood flow to tissue
Ischemia
Low oxygen
Hypoxia
Autorythmic cells
coordinate contractile cells to chambers for heart relaxation and contraction
Endo-
inner, within
Peri-
around, near
Epi-
up, upon, on top of
What causes the ridges in the internal anterior wall of the right atrium?
Pectinate muscles
What is the first artery that branches from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephallic artery/trunk
What parts of the body does the brachiocephallic trunk supply blood to?
Right arm, head, and neck
What is the second artery that branches from the aortic arch?
Left common carotid artery
Where does the common carotid artery supply blood to?
Head and neck
What is the third artery that branches from the aortic arch?
Left subclavian artery
Where does the left subclavian artery supply blood to?
Left arm
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
Pulmonary trunk + veins
What branches off the pulmonary trunk?
Left pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery
What is the embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus?
Arterial ligament
What does the arterial ligament connect?
Trunk of the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Closes at birth along with foramen ovale to ensure proper cardiovascular function
Ductus Arteriosus
These 3 give rise to the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, and right ventricle
Bulbous cordus and TRUCUS arteriosus
What are the pulmonary valves also called?
Semilunar valves
The RIGHT atrioventricular valve is also called:
Tricuspid
The LEFT atrioventricular valve is also called:
The mitral (bicuspid) valve
Too much serous fluid in the pericardial cavity
Cardiac tamponade
What is the chordae tendineae’s function?
Opens and closes valves
Enlargement of heart
Hypertrophy
The semilunar valves don’t have _______ like the atrioventricular valves do.
Chordae tendinae
An incompetent or insufficient valve will cause _______.
Murmurs
Valve replacements can be made of:
Porcine, bovine, and cadaver
Does not OPEN valve properly
Stenotic valve
Does not CLOSE valve properly
Incompetent valve
The myocardium’s own blood supply
The shortest circulation
Arteries lie in epicardium (prevents contractions from inhibiting blood flow)
Coronary circulation
Left and right coronary arteries stem from the _______
Aorta
What are the LEFT coronary arteries branches?
- Anterior InterVentricular artery (or LAD)
- Circumflex artery
What are the RIGHT coronary arteries?
- Marginal artery
- Posterior interventricular artery
Follows the anterior interventricular sulcus
Supplies APEX, anterior left ventricle, anterior 2/3 of IV septum
Anterior interventricular artery or (LAD)
Follows the coronary sulcus (AtrioVentricular groove)
Supplies left atrium and lateral left ventricle
Circumflex artery
Joining of blood vessels end-to-end
Anastomeses
Junction of 2 muscle cells and supports synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue
Intercalated discs
Same amount of blood is pumped from both ventricles
True
Keeps myosomes from pulling apart, “clamps” in junctions
Desmosomes
All parts of the heart function in sync and as one
Functional Syncytium
Send electrical signals between desmosomes. Allows AP’s to move from cell to cell.
Gap junctions
Structure of cardiac muscle is
striated
short
branched
one or two nuclei
Do cardiac muscle cells have gap junctions?
Yes
Where does the cardiac muscle get Ca2+?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid
What kind of respiration does the heart run on?
Aerobic respiration
Are semilunar valves passive or active?
Passive
Are atrioventricular valves passive or active?
Active
Left looping
Dextrocardia or levo looping
Order of the lumps of the heart in embryology
Trucus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus
found in the right atrium by superior VC and cells depolarize spontaneously and are unstable. Stimulates right and left atrium along with AV node.
Sinoatrial node
In the right atrium above the tricuspid valve, delays signal to ensure the atrium fills with blood
Atrioventricular node
Splits into R and L bundle branches then sends signals through to the ventricles through purkinjie fibers
Atrioventricular bundles
The ______ nerve controls the sinoatrial node
Vagues, CN X
innervates all myocytes and papillary muscles
Purkinjie fibers
Abnormal conduction in the conduction system of the heart
Arrythmia
Where does the heart receive Ca2+
ECF and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Drains blood to the heart
Veins
Adult closure of L and R atrium
Opening is in the R atrium near the fossa ovalis
Coronary sinus
Choked chest
Angina Pectoris
Heart attack is also called
Myocardial infraction
Involuntary muscle contractions
Tetany
1st order of conduction system in right atrium
Sinoatrial node (sets HR) 70 + BPM
2nd and 3rd order of conduction system in right atrium
- Atrioventricular node (delays signals to ensure atrium is fills w/ blood) 60 BPM
- Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) 40 BPM
4th and 5th order of conduction system
- Right and left branches of atrioventricular bundle
- Purkinje fibers (innervates ventricle walls in subendocardium) 20-30 BPM
What forms nodes in the cardiovascular conduction system
Pacemaker cells
Controls heart rate
Sinoatrial node
Atria and ventricles beat out of sequence
Fibrillation
What slows the Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular nodes?
Parasympathetic nervous system; Vagus nerve coming from the medulla oblongata
What vertebrae are apart of the cardiac plexus?
T1 - T5
Cardioacceleratory is a part of which nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system
Cardioinhibitory is a part of what system?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Cells that monitoring blood pressure
Baroceptors
When the heart contracts as one whole unit, it is…
Synctial contracting
Nerves that conduct basic sinus rhythm (has set HR of 72-75 bpm)
Intrinsic nervous supply to the heart
What are the extrinsic nervous supplies to the heart called?
Cardioacceleratory
Cardioinhibitory
Where is the cardio acceleratory nerve supply?
T1-T5 in Cardiac Plexus
Where is the cardioinhibitory found?
Vagus Nerve X (comes from cranial plexus)
This is part of the parasympathetic nervous system
Period of relaxation of the heart. Fills with blood.
Diastole
Contracting of the heart. Pumping blood.
Systole
Amt. of blood pumped during cycles. This is determined by HR
Cardiac output
Amt. of blood produced per beat
Stroke volume
The total amount of blood coming back to the heart
End diastolic volume
Any blood not pumped out of the ventricle after the contraction
End systolic volume
Peak pressure, produced by the contracting ventricles
Systolic blood pressure
The pressure in your arteries when your ventricles relax
Diastolic blood pressure
Fast resting HR.
HR going over 100 BPM.
Tachycardia
Agent (NE + EPI) that increases HR
Positive chronotropic agent
Agent (Ach) that decreases HR
Negative chronotropic agent
Conductile cardiac cells spontaneously depolarizes to threshold by
Leaky Na+ membrane ion channels
Firing frequency depends on Na+ movement
Once the threshold is reached in a conductive cardiac cell…
Ca 2+ channels are open and it causes an AP
Once peak membrane potential is reached in a conductille cardiac cell….
Ca+ channels start to close and K+ channels open and leave the cell causing the MP to become more negative.This is repolarization
What are the conductile cardiac cells?
SA + AV Node or Pacemaker cells
What are contractile cardiac cells?
Purkinjie fibers and myocytes
The P Wave concerns itself with:
Atrial depolarization
The QRS wave concerns itself with:
Ventricular depolarization
T wave concerns itself with:
Ventricular repolarization
What is the formula for Cardiac Output?
CO = HR x SV
What is the formula for determining Stroke Volume?
EDV - ESV = SV
Higher atrial filling causes the SA node to respond by raising Heart Rate
Bainbridge Reflex
Represents the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume.
The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.
Frank-Starling Law
Activity of the vagus nerve
Vagal tone
Conversion between L > ml
1L = 1000ml
an extra, unexpected sound made by the blood as it flows through the heart.
Heart murmur
Degree of stretch of heart muscle
Pre-load
Pressure ventr. must overcome to eject blood.
Afterload
How much pressure does the ventr. have to overcome to pump blood to the pulmonary and aortic heart valves
Aortic valve (80 mmHg)
Pulmonary valve (10 mmHg)
L
H
Activity of the vagus nerve
Vagal tone
L side failure
Too much fluid in the lungs
Pulmonary edema
R side failure
Swelling of lower limbs + hands
Peripheral edema
Results of problems with imbalanced cardiac output
Congestive heart failure
Process in which blood cells are formed
Hematopoiesis
process in which produces red blood cells
Erythropoiesis
lining of blood vessels
Endothelium
Platelets form from
Megakaryotes
Lack of production if internal factor in small intestine which results in poor absorption of B12 which is needed to make RBC
Pernicious Anemia
Stem Cell
Hemocytoblast
What organ produces homopoeitin?
Kidney
Net of protein allows blood cells to keep its shape
Spectrin
Layer that blood comes from
Splanctic mesoderm
What is the bloods PH
7.3-7.4
What happens when blood PH gets too high (over 7.8)?
CNS gets hyper excited then increased tetany causing convulsions then results in respiratory arrest
What happens when blood PH gets too low (below 6.8)?
CNS gets depressed which leads to come and then depression
Congenital coarction
Narrowing of aorta
Combination of 4 heart defects
Tetralogy of fallot
process in which produces blood cells
Hematopoeisis/Erythropoeisis
When oxygen is bound to iron, it is called
Oxyhemoglobin
Carbon dioxide and hemoglobin
Carbamino hemoglobin
All blood cells form from these
Myeloid
Lymphocytes like T + B cells (killer cells) are made from this
Lymphoid
Malfunctioning leukocytes/ too fast duplication
Leukemia or mononucleolis
What is the blood stem cell?
Hemocytoblast
Where are platelets derived from?
Megakaryotes
What releases clots?
Plasmin
Meshwork that aids in clotting rbc
Fibrin
Clot in blood vessels
Thrombus
Clot traveling through circulation
Embollus
What can artificially declot blood?
tPA: tissue plasminogen activator
What PH is blood usually at and what is it
7.3-7.4 + alkalinic
Thick walled, largest + near the heart and conducts from aorta
Elastic arteries
Aids in vasoconstriction + delivery
Muscular arteries
Resistant vs. the control with vasal motor tone + resist blood flow when constricted
Arterioles
Exchange vessels > elements > pericytes
Cappilarries
Capicitance vs. + blood reservoirs + 65% blood in body
Veins
Equation for blood flow resistance
F=P/R
Tissue lining vessels
Endothelium
