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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lecture: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The blood vessels on the right side of the heart carry oxygen-poor blood from body tissues and then pump the blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide

A

Pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

The Blood vessels on the left side of the heart receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients. What circuit is this?

A

Systemic circuit

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3
Q

How much does a heart weigh?

A

About 300-350 g or less than a pound

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

T5-T8, middle mediastinum

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5
Q

Where is the apex located?

A

near the 5th intercostal space

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

double walled sac enclosing the heart

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7
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

the loose fitting superficial part of the pericardium
dense irregular CT

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8
Q

What does the fibrous pericardium provide to the heart?

A

anchors it to surrounding structures
protects the heart

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9
Q

Serous pericardium

A

deep to the fibrous pericardium
thin slippery serous membrane that encloses the heart
prevents friction

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10
Q

Parietal layer of serous pericardium..

A

attaches to fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

Visceral (epicardium) layer..

A

attaches/is the surface of the heart

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12
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericardities

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13
Q

Heart wall has:

A

3 layers

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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15
Q

Space between serous layers

A

Pericardial cavity

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16
Q

outer, visceral serous pericardium

A

Epicardium

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17
Q

middle, cardiac muscle, contracts to pups

A

Myocardium (muscle heart)

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18
Q

inner lining of endothelium

A

Endocardium (inside heart)

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19
Q

too much serous fluid

A

Cardiac tamponade

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20
Q

wall between atria

A

Interatrial septum

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21
Q

separates the ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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22
Q

Right atrium is mostly

A

anterior

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23
Q

Left atrium is mostly

A

posterior

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24
Q

Auricles

A

ear like structures of the atria made up of _______ muscle

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25
Q

Muscle bundles in ridges of the wall of the heart atria

A

Pectinate muscles

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26
Q

Recieving chambers

A

Atria

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27
Q

Discharging chambers

A

Ventricles

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28
Q

How does the blood enter the right atrium

A

3 veins:
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
The coronary sinus

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29
Q

Returns blood from body areas superior to the diaphragm

A

Superior vena cava

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30
Q

Returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm

A

Inferior vena cava

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31
Q

Collects blood draining from the myocardium

A

Coronary sinus

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32
Q

underside

A

Ventr

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33
Q

CT that separates the muscle of atria from ventricle

A

Fibrous skeleton

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34
Q

Right ventricle pumps blood into the

A

Pulmonary trunk

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35
Q

Left ventricle pumps blood into the

A

Aorta

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36
Q

What are the two Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

Right tricuspid valve
Left mitral valve

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37
Q

Prevents regurgitation of blood into atria during contraction

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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38
Q

White collagen cords attached to AV valve flaps

A

Chordae tendinae

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39
Q

High pressure caused by ventricular contraction

A

Systole

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40
Q

the peak pressure, caused by the contracting ventricles
top number

A

Systolic blood pressure

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41
Q

the pressure in your arteries when the ventricles are relaxed

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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42
Q

primary germ layer

A

mesodermal derivative

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43
Q

What are the tubes that develop into the heart by fusing?

A

Endothelial tubes

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44
Q

Rightward twisting

A

Dextral looping

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45
Q

Tube develops what 4 bulges

A

Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbous cordis + TRUCUS arteriosus

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46
Q

Abnormal looping in a left direction

A

Levo looping

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47
Q

Receives all venous blood from embryo and pumps it out

A

Sinus venosus

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48
Q

What does the Sinus Venosus give rise to?

A

Smooth wall section of RT atrium
Coronary sinus
Sinoatrial node (sets early heart rate)

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49
Q

Bulbous Cordis and Trucus Arteriosus give rise to

A

Pulmonary trunk
Ascending aorta
Rt ventricle

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50
Q

Pumps out arterial blood

A

Bulbous cordis and Trucus Arteriosus
Aorta and pulmonary artery

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51
Q

If septum don’t close within the atria or ventricles then..

A

proper oxygenation will not occur

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52
Q

externally seperates atria from ventricles

A

Coronary sulcus

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53
Q

Ridges of myocardium

A

Trabeculae carnae

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54
Q

Decreased blood flow to tissue

A

Ischemia

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55
Q

Low oxygen

A

Hypoxia

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56
Q

Autorythmic cells

A

coordinate contractile cells to chambers for heart relaxation and contraction

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57
Q

Endo-

A

inner, within

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58
Q

Peri-

A

around, near

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59
Q

Epi-

A

up, upon, on top of

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60
Q

What causes the ridges in the internal anterior wall of the right atrium?

A

Pectinate muscles

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61
Q

What is the first artery that branches from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephallic artery/trunk

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62
Q

What parts of the body does the brachiocephallic trunk supply blood to?

A

Right arm, head, and neck

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63
Q

What is the second artery that branches from the aortic arch?

A

Left common carotid artery

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64
Q

Where does the common carotid artery supply blood to?

A

Head and neck

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65
Q

What is the third artery that branches from the aortic arch?

A

Left subclavian artery

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66
Q

Where does the left subclavian artery supply blood to?

A

Left arm

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67
Q

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

A

Pulmonary trunk + veins

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68
Q

What branches off the pulmonary trunk?

A

Left pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery

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69
Q

What is the embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Arterial ligament

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70
Q

What does the arterial ligament connect?

A

Trunk of the pulmonary artery and the aorta

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71
Q

Closes at birth along with foramen ovale to ensure proper cardiovascular function

A

Ductus Arteriosus

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72
Q

These 3 give rise to the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, and right ventricle

A

Bulbous cordus and TRUCUS arteriosus

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73
Q

What are the pulmonary valves also called?

A

Semilunar valves

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74
Q

The RIGHT atrioventricular valve is also called:

A

Tricuspid

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75
Q

The LEFT atrioventricular valve is also called:

A

The mitral (bicuspid) valve

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76
Q

Too much serous fluid in the pericardial cavity

A

Cardiac tamponade

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77
Q

What is the chordae tendineae’s function?

A

Opens and closes valves

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78
Q

Enlargement of heart

A

Hypertrophy

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79
Q

The semilunar valves don’t have _______ like the atrioventricular valves do.

A

Chordae tendinae

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80
Q

An incompetent or insufficient valve will cause _______.

A

Murmurs

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81
Q

Valve replacements can be made of:

A

Porcine, bovine, and cadaver

82
Q

Does not OPEN valve properly

A

Stenotic valve

83
Q

Does not CLOSE valve properly

A

Incompetent valve

84
Q

The myocardium’s own blood supply
The shortest circulation
Arteries lie in epicardium (prevents contractions from inhibiting blood flow)

A

Coronary circulation

85
Q

Left and right coronary arteries stem from the _______

A

Aorta

86
Q

What are the LEFT coronary arteries branches?

A
  1. Anterior InterVentricular artery (or LAD)
  2. Circumflex artery
87
Q

What are the RIGHT coronary arteries?

A
  1. Marginal artery
  2. Posterior interventricular artery
88
Q

Follows the anterior interventricular sulcus
Supplies APEX, anterior left ventricle, anterior 2/3 of IV septum

A

Anterior interventricular artery or (LAD)

89
Q

Follows the coronary sulcus (AtrioVentricular groove)
Supplies left atrium and lateral left ventricle

A

Circumflex artery

90
Q

Joining of blood vessels end-to-end

A

Anastomeses

91
Q

Junction of 2 muscle cells and supports synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue

A

Intercalated discs

92
Q

Same amount of blood is pumped from both ventricles

A

True

93
Q

Keeps myosomes from pulling apart, “clamps” in junctions

A

Desmosomes

94
Q

All parts of the heart function in sync and as one

A

Functional Syncytium

95
Q

Send electrical signals between desmosomes. Allows AP’s to move from cell to cell.

A

Gap junctions

96
Q

Structure of cardiac muscle is

A

striated
short
branched
one or two nuclei

97
Q

Do cardiac muscle cells have gap junctions?

A

Yes

98
Q

Where does the cardiac muscle get Ca2+?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluid

99
Q

What kind of respiration does the heart run on?

A

Aerobic respiration

100
Q

Are semilunar valves passive or active?

A

Passive

101
Q

Are atrioventricular valves passive or active?

A

Active

102
Q

Left looping

A

Dextrocardia or levo looping

103
Q

Order of the lumps of the heart in embryology

A

Trucus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus

104
Q

found in the right atrium by superior VC and cells depolarize spontaneously and are unstable. Stimulates right and left atrium along with AV node.

A

Sinoatrial node

105
Q

In the right atrium above the tricuspid valve, delays signal to ensure the atrium fills with blood

A

Atrioventricular node

106
Q

Splits into R and L bundle branches then sends signals through to the ventricles through purkinjie fibers

A

Atrioventricular bundles

107
Q

The ______ nerve controls the sinoatrial node

A

Vagues, CN X

108
Q

innervates all myocytes and papillary muscles

A

Purkinjie fibers

109
Q

Abnormal conduction in the conduction system of the heart

A

Arrythmia

110
Q

Where does the heart receive Ca2+

A

ECF and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

111
Q

Drains blood to the heart

A

Veins

112
Q

Adult closure of L and R atrium
Opening is in the R atrium near the fossa ovalis

A

Coronary sinus

113
Q

Choked chest

A

Angina Pectoris

114
Q

Heart attack is also called

A

Myocardial infraction

115
Q

Involuntary muscle contractions

A

Tetany

116
Q

1st order of conduction system in right atrium

A

Sinoatrial node (sets HR) 70 + BPM

117
Q

2nd and 3rd order of conduction system in right atrium

A
  1. Atrioventricular node (delays signals to ensure atrium is fills w/ blood) 60 BPM
  2. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) 40 BPM
118
Q

4th and 5th order of conduction system

A
  1. Right and left branches of atrioventricular bundle
  2. Purkinje fibers (innervates ventricle walls in subendocardium) 20-30 BPM
119
Q

What forms nodes in the cardiovascular conduction system

A

Pacemaker cells

120
Q

Controls heart rate

A

Sinoatrial node

121
Q

Atria and ventricles beat out of sequence

A

Fibrillation

122
Q

What slows the Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular nodes?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system; Vagus nerve coming from the medulla oblongata

123
Q

What vertebrae are apart of the cardiac plexus?

A

T1 - T5

124
Q

Cardioacceleratory is a part of which nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

125
Q

Cardioinhibitory is a part of what system?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

126
Q

Cells that monitoring blood pressure

A

Baroceptors

127
Q

When the heart contracts as one whole unit, it is…

A

Synctial contracting

128
Q

Nerves that conduct basic sinus rhythm (has set HR of 72-75 bpm)

A

Intrinsic nervous supply to the heart

129
Q

What are the extrinsic nervous supplies to the heart called?

A

Cardioacceleratory
Cardioinhibitory

130
Q

Where is the cardio acceleratory nerve supply?

A

T1-T5 in Cardiac Plexus

131
Q

Where is the cardioinhibitory found?

A

Vagus Nerve X (comes from cranial plexus)
This is part of the parasympathetic nervous system

132
Q

Period of relaxation of the heart. Fills with blood.

A

Diastole

133
Q

Contracting of the heart. Pumping blood.

A

Systole

134
Q

Amt. of blood pumped during cycles. This is determined by HR

A

Cardiac output

135
Q

Amt. of blood produced per beat

A

Stroke volume

136
Q

The total amount of blood coming back to the heart

A

End diastolic volume

137
Q

Any blood not pumped out of the ventricle after the contraction

A

End systolic volume

138
Q

Peak pressure, produced by the contracting ventricles

A

Systolic blood pressure

139
Q

The pressure in your arteries when your ventricles relax

A

Diastolic blood pressure

140
Q

Fast resting HR.
HR going over 100 BPM.

A

Tachycardia

141
Q

Agent (NE + EPI) that increases HR

A

Positive chronotropic agent

142
Q

Agent (Ach) that decreases HR

A

Negative chronotropic agent

143
Q

Conductile cardiac cells spontaneously depolarizes to threshold by

A

Leaky Na+ membrane ion channels
Firing frequency depends on Na+ movement

144
Q

Once the threshold is reached in a conductive cardiac cell…

A

Ca 2+ channels are open and it causes an AP

145
Q

Once peak membrane potential is reached in a conductille cardiac cell….

A

Ca+ channels start to close and K+ channels open and leave the cell causing the MP to become more negative.This is repolarization

146
Q

What are the conductile cardiac cells?

A

SA + AV Node or Pacemaker cells

147
Q

What are contractile cardiac cells?

A

Purkinjie fibers and myocytes

148
Q

The P Wave concerns itself with:

A

Atrial depolarization

149
Q

The QRS wave concerns itself with:

A

Ventricular depolarization

150
Q

T wave concerns itself with:

A

Ventricular repolarization

151
Q

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

A

CO = HR x SV

152
Q

What is the formula for determining Stroke Volume?

A

EDV - ESV = SV

153
Q

Higher atrial filling causes the SA node to respond by raising Heart Rate

A

Bainbridge Reflex

154
Q

Represents the relationship between stroke volume and end-diastolic volume.
The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles, before contraction (the end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant.

A

Frank-Starling Law

155
Q

Activity of the vagus nerve

A

Vagal tone

156
Q

Conversion between L > ml

A

1L = 1000ml

157
Q

an extra, unexpected sound made by the blood as it flows through the heart.

A

Heart murmur

158
Q

Degree of stretch of heart muscle

A

Pre-load

159
Q

Pressure ventr. must overcome to eject blood.

A

Afterload

160
Q

How much pressure does the ventr. have to overcome to pump blood to the pulmonary and aortic heart valves

A

Aortic valve (80 mmHg)
Pulmonary valve (10 mmHg)

161
Q

L

A

H

162
Q

Activity of the vagus nerve

A

Vagal tone

163
Q

L side failure
Too much fluid in the lungs

A

Pulmonary edema

164
Q

R side failure
Swelling of lower limbs + hands

A

Peripheral edema

165
Q

Results of problems with imbalanced cardiac output

A

Congestive heart failure

166
Q

Process in which blood cells are formed

A

Hematopoiesis

167
Q

process in which produces red blood cells

A

Erythropoiesis

168
Q

lining of blood vessels

A

Endothelium

169
Q

Platelets form from

A

Megakaryotes

170
Q

Lack of production if internal factor in small intestine which results in poor absorption of B12 which is needed to make RBC

A

Pernicious Anemia

171
Q

Stem Cell

A

Hemocytoblast

172
Q

What organ produces homopoeitin?

A

Kidney

173
Q

Net of protein allows blood cells to keep its shape

A

Spectrin

174
Q

Layer that blood comes from

A

Splanctic mesoderm

175
Q

What is the bloods PH

A

7.3-7.4

176
Q

What happens when blood PH gets too high (over 7.8)?

A

CNS gets hyper excited then increased tetany causing convulsions then results in respiratory arrest

177
Q

What happens when blood PH gets too low (below 6.8)?

A

CNS gets depressed which leads to come and then depression

178
Q

Congenital coarction

A

Narrowing of aorta

179
Q

Combination of 4 heart defects

A

Tetralogy of fallot

180
Q

process in which produces blood cells

A

Hematopoeisis/Erythropoeisis

181
Q

When oxygen is bound to iron, it is called

A

Oxyhemoglobin

182
Q

Carbon dioxide and hemoglobin

A

Carbamino hemoglobin

183
Q

All blood cells form from these

A

Myeloid

184
Q

Lymphocytes like T + B cells (killer cells) are made from this

A

Lymphoid

185
Q

Malfunctioning leukocytes/ too fast duplication

A

Leukemia or mononucleolis

186
Q

What is the blood stem cell?

A

Hemocytoblast

187
Q

Where are platelets derived from?

A

Megakaryotes

188
Q

What releases clots?

A

Plasmin

189
Q

Meshwork that aids in clotting rbc

A

Fibrin

190
Q

Clot in blood vessels

A

Thrombus

191
Q

Clot traveling through circulation

A

Embollus

192
Q

What can artificially declot blood?

A

tPA: tissue plasminogen activator

193
Q

What PH is blood usually at and what is it

A

7.3-7.4 + alkalinic

194
Q

Thick walled, largest + near the heart and conducts from aorta

A

Elastic arteries

195
Q

Aids in vasoconstriction + delivery

A

Muscular arteries

196
Q

Resistant vs. the control with vasal motor tone + resist blood flow when constricted

A

Arterioles

197
Q

Exchange vessels > elements > pericytes

A

Cappilarries

198
Q

Capicitance vs. + blood reservoirs + 65% blood in body

A

Veins

199
Q

Equation for blood flow resistance

A

F=P/R

200
Q

Tissue lining vessels

A

Endothelium

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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