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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lecture: Digestive, Endocrine, Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture: Digestive, Endocrine, Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the digestive tract?

A

Digestive tract; GI tract; Alimentary Canal

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2
Q

What is the digestive tract derived from?

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

Steps in digestion:

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion: enzymes
  3. Movement
  4. Digestion: mechanical and chemical
  5. Absorption: small molecules
  6. Defecation
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4
Q

3 layers of muscularis in stomach

A
  1. Longitudinal
  2. Circular
    3.Oblique
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5
Q

Event that moves food through esophagus down to stomach

A

Peristalsis

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6
Q

Controls passing of food through esophagus down to stomach

A

Gastroesophagel sphincter

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7
Q

Secretes gastric juices

A

Gastric glands

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8
Q

The pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

A

Chyme

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9
Q

Important for b12 absorption to make RBC

A

Intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia)

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10
Q

A compound gland where enzymes + hormones are produced and dumped into main pancreatic duct and into small intestines

A

Pancreas

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11
Q

_______ are made from Pancreatic Acini

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

_______ are made in pancreatic islets

A

Hormones

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13
Q

Breaking apart larger molecules to smaller molecules so it can be digested in GI tube.
Splitting bonds into smaller units.

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

Enzyme that only works to break down carbohydrates and starts in the mouth

A

Salivary Amylase

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15
Q

Largest salivary gland by the ear

A

Parotid salivary glands

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16
Q

Salivary glands that is inferior to the mandible

A

Submandibular salivary glands

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17
Q

Salivary glands that pair, deep to tongue

A

Sublingual salivary glands

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18
Q

Where RBC go to die and filter lymph

A

Spleen

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19
Q

Pancreas, liver, salivary galnds, spleen are what kind of organs to the digestive system?

A

Accessory Organs

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20
Q

Saliva composition:

A
  1. 99.5% water –
    dissolves food
  2. solutes – salts,
    lysozyme, mucus,
    salivary amylase
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21
Q

Saliva secretion is stimulated by

A

parasympathetic nerves

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22
Q

Salivary secretion is triggered by

A

chemical & mechanical stimulation of food to tastebuds

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23
Q

How much saliva do we produce a day

A

1-1.5 L per day

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24
Q

Begins fat digestion in mouth

A

Lingual lipase

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25
Q

Enzyme that breaks down protein in the stomach that comes from chief cells

A

Pepsin: is a type of protease which serves as the main digestive enzyme in the stomach.

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26
Q

Enzyme that breaks down fat in the stomach

A

Liapse (<15%)

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27
Q

What activates pepsinogen into pepsin

A

HCl - Hydrochloric acid

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28
Q

A fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the abdominal wall and holds it in place

A

Mesentery

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29
Q

Pouches + sacs of large bowel

A

Haustra

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30
Q

Smooth muscle of large bowel

A

Taenia

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31
Q

Where is the Plica Circularis + Villus located

A

Small intesite: duodenum and jejunum

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32
Q

A small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.

A

Bolus

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33
Q

Pancreatic juice contains what

A

Sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acid chyme from stomach

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34
Q

2 main hormones that come from pancreas

A

Insulin (B cells): lowers blood glucose
Glucagon (A cells): raises blood glucose level

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35
Q

Hormones released by mucousal cells of the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin
Intestinal gastrin

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36
Q

Hormones released by mucousal cells (enteroendocrine cells) of the duodenum that stimulate pancreatic juice secretions

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin

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37
Q

3 Functions of cholecystokinin (CCK):

A

Decreases gastric secretions
Stimulates pancreatic secretions
Stimulates contraction of gallbladder to neutralize acid environment

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38
Q

Secretin

A

Stimulates pacreatic secretion with BICARBONATE IONS to lower the acidity in stomach
Why? Enzymes cannot function without PROPER PH

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39
Q

Digestive enzyme in the duoedenum (comes from pancreas) that is activated by enteropeptidase (or enterokinase) to break protein down into amino acids

A

Trypsinogen
Activates into Trypsin

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40
Q

Enzymes that further digests carbohydrates that comes from the brush border of the duodenum

A

Dextridase

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41
Q

4 vital enzymes of pacrease

A

Proteases
Amylase
Lipase
Nuclease

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42
Q

Main manufacturing plant of the body and regulates digestions of all food types

A

Liver

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43
Q

Main manufacturing plant of the body

A

Liver

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44
Q

Veins surrounding gut tubes carry nutrients to what organ?

A

Liver

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45
Q

Where does the liver recieve its blood from?

A

The HEPATIC ARTERY and the PORTAL VEIN
Oxygen-rich blood flows in through the hepatic artery, while nutrients from the intestines come through the portal vein.

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46
Q

Aids in digesting fat

A

Bile

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47
Q

Causing to disperse into droplets

A

Emulsification

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48
Q

Cells which make acid and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

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49
Q

Cells which make enzymes (pepsinogen/pepsin) and Gastric lipase

A

Chief cells

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50
Q

Bile concentration can build up and cause jaundice when theres a blockage

A

Gallstones

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51
Q

Organs that remove drugs from system

A

Kidney + liver

52
Q

Synthsesis of bile salts from cholesterol comes from what organ

A

Liver

53
Q

Where are all nutrients absorbed from?

A

Villi of small intestines

54
Q

Cells in villi that aid in digestion

A

Absorptive cell
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine cells
Paneth cell

55
Q

Metabolites from fat digestion

A

Ketones

56
Q

Made up of 1 molecule

A

Monosaccharides

57
Q

Splits carbohydrate/starch molecules to be utilized as energy

A

Dextrinase

58
Q

Made up of 2 molecules

A

Disaccharides
ex: maltose G+G
sucrose: G+F
lactose: G+galactose

59
Q

Made up of many molecules

A

Polyshaccharides
ex: complex carbohydrates like starch

60
Q

Physiology of digestion

A

-

61
Q

A milky fluid consisting of fat droplets and lymph. It drains from the lacteals of the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion.

A

Chyle

62
Q

Bile salts form (blank). Tiny
droplets that transport lipids to
cells

A

Micelles

63
Q

Inside cells in lacteals are recombined
into triglylcerides & covered
with proteins to form (blank).

A

Chylomicrons

64
Q

Reabsorbs water
Produces vitamins
Forms + expels feces

A

Large intestine

65
Q

Bacteria in large bowel produce what

A

Gas
B + K vitamins

66
Q

Parotid produces

A

Mostly serous acini (dark)

67
Q

Submandibular produces

A

Mostly serous, some mucous (large clear cells)

68
Q

Sublingual produces

A

Mostly mucous

69
Q

hydrolyzes bound pairs of amino acids, (protein) called dipeptides

A

Dipeptidase

70
Q

Cells that make mucous

A

Goblet cells

71
Q

Produces and release hormones in response to a number of stimuli.
ex: histamine, seratonin, CCK (choecystokinin), and secretin

A

Enteroendocrine cells

72
Q

They are neuroendocrine cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of gastrin.

A

G cells

73
Q

Are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells

A

The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

74
Q

Hormone made by adipose tissue and decreases appetite

A

Leptin

75
Q

Part of the pituitary that stores hormones but does not produce them

A

Posterior pituitary

76
Q

Hormone that controls overall body metabolism

A

Thyroxine

77
Q

is a hormone that your parathyroid glands make and release to control the level of calcium in your blood, not your bones. Increases calcium levels in the blood. Stimulates osteoclastin. Works with calcitriol to raise low levels of calcium.

A

Parathyroid hormone

78
Q

Alpha cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas produce: Glucagon or Insulin?

A

Glucagon

79
Q

Beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas produce: Glucagon or Insulin?

A

Insulin

80
Q

Hormone made in adrenal medulla is

A

Epinephrine

81
Q

Hormone made in adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone

82
Q

Where does cortisol come from

A

Adrenal gland; specifically zona glomerulosa

83
Q

Dueodenum (Brunner) glands in the duodenum controls what

A

Makes environment in intestines more alkaline by releasing bicarbonate

84
Q

Intestinal glans are also called and do what

A

Crypts of Liberkuhn and they secrete intestinal juices

85
Q

Enzymes that break down proteins:

A

Stomach: pepsin
Small intestine: Trypsin, Dipeptidase (enterocyte glands)
Pancrease: Protease

86
Q

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates

A

Oral cavity: Salivary amylase
small intestine: Pancreatic Amylase and Dextrinase

87
Q

Dark blood in fecal material from small intestine

A

Melena

88
Q

Blood in stool from large colon

A

Hematochezia

89
Q

Normal bowel sounds

A

Borborygmus

90
Q

Where is oxytocin stored and what does it do?

A

**Posterior pituitary **
Stimulates uterine contractions and initiates labor

91
Q

Where is ADH stored and what does it do?

A

Posterior pituitary + Affects CD + concentration of urine

92
Q

Which hormone stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine?

A

TSH
(Thyroid stimulating hormone)

93
Q

Hormones: Mineralocorticoids
Glucocotricoids
Gonadocorticoids
come from where?

A

Adrenal cortex

94
Q

Causes milk production in mammary glands

A

Prolactin

95
Q

Endocrine glands secrete directly into what?

A

The blood stream

96
Q

Exocrine glands secretes through _______ and into _________

A

ducts, epithelial surfaces

97
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

98
Q

Where is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone produced ? What does it do?

A

Anterior pituitary, stimulates thyroxine and calcitonin production

99
Q

What does ADH do? Where does it come from?

A

Stimulates kidney tubule + effects CD + vol. of urine

100
Q

Where does growth hormone come from? Where does it go?

A

Comes from Anterior Pituitary Gland: Skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage

101
Q

Where does ACTH (adrenocotricotropic hormone) come from?

A

Anterior pituitary glands that stimulate the Adrenal cortex to make:
Zona glomerulose: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculate: glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (androgens)

102
Q

What does Leutanizing hormone do? Where does it come from?

A

Matures ovarian follicles
Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates estrogen and progesterone

103
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) does what and were does it come from?

A

helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries, and stimulates sperm
Comes from gonadal cells

104
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids) (aldosterone)
Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids) (cortisol and androgens)
Zona reticularis (gonadocorticoids) (cortisol and androgens)

105
Q

a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. Inhibits osteoclast activity

A

Calcitonin

106
Q

increases sugars (glucose) in the bloodstream, enhances your brain’s use of glucose and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues

A

Cortisol

107
Q

Hormones that are first bound to protein to dissolve through plasma membrane. All steroid and thyroid hormones

A

Lipid Soluble Hormones

108
Q

Amino acid based hormones that are freely circulating and possess the shortest half-life.

A

Water soluble hormones

109
Q

All hormones are produced in what kind of glands

A

Endocrine glands
(they secrete their product directly into the blood stream)

110
Q

Frequent urination + constant thirt
Decrease in ADH, issue with hypothalamus

A

Diabetes insipidus

111
Q

2 important nuclei in the hypothalamus

A

Paraventricular
Superoptic

112
Q

2 important nuclei in the hypothalamus

A

Paraventricular
Superoptic

113
Q

The 3 symptoms of diabates mellitus

A
  1. Polyuria: increase urine: (sugar + H2O)
  2. Polydipsia: increase thirst
  3. Polyphagia: increase eating
114
Q

Parathryoid hormone also stimulates the kidney to produce what

A

Calcitriol; stimulates increase absorption of calcium from food

115
Q

Excess building up of glucocorticoids

A

Cushing Syndrome

116
Q

What type of glands are:
Pancreatic islets and Pacreatic Acini?

A

Islets: Endocrine
Acini: Exocrine (glands)

117
Q

What does ANP do? Where does it come from?

A

Comes from the heart and decreases blood prssure and aids in electrolyte homeostasis

118
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

119
Q

What does ANP do and where does it come from?

A

Lowers blood pressure and aids in electrolyte homeostasis and comes from the heart

120
Q

Name the 3 enteroendocrine important hormones:

A

-Secretin
-Cholecystokinin

121
Q

Where does thymulin come from? What does it do?

A

Thymus— T-cell and immune system

122
Q

What hormones come from the placenta?

A

Estrogen: develops + maintains reproductive system
Progesterone: sex hormone, prepares body for pregnancy
HCG: prepares lining of uterus for pregnancy

123
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Regulates energy balance by inhibiting hunger

124
Q

Where does melatonin come from?

A

Pineal gland

125
Q

Functions of the liver

A

-Regulates carbohydrate metabolism by stabalizing glucose levels via glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis
-Aids in lipid metabolism. Makes lipoproteins for the trasport of fats, synthesizes cholesterol, makes bile
-Protein metabolism: makes plasma proteins, transamination, deamination

126
Q

What do Kupffer cells do and where are they located?

A

Phatocytize and their found in the liver

127
Q

Secretes lysozymes to phagocytize

A

Paneth cells

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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