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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lecture: Blood Vessels, Pressure, Lymph, and Immunity > Flashcards

Lecture: Blood Vessels, Pressure, Lymph, and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

exchange vessels

A

Capillaries

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2
Q

tunica interna has no openings or porous holes: this type of capillary is found usually in the brain

A

Continuous capillary

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3
Q

endothelial lining has openings for movement of fluid and blood filtering
often found in kidneys + gut

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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4
Q

large openings for larger molecules to get through
found in spleen and liver

A

Sinusoid capillaries

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5
Q

capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs)

A

Veins

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6
Q

event that constricts or closes artery

A

Vasospasm

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7
Q

basis for collateral circulation

A

Anastomoses

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8
Q

equation for blood flow

A

F = P / R
or
CO = P / R

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9
Q

mean arterial pressure equation

A

Diatolic P + PP / 3

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10
Q

MAP equation uses avgs.

A

80 mmHg(d bp) + 40 mmHg(pp) / 3 = 93 mmHg

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11
Q

pumps blood 1 way + has valves

A

Muscular pump

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12
Q

Uses pressure gradients: The pressure changes occurring during breathing that enhance venous return. During inhalation, pressure decreases in the thoracic cavity and increases in the abdominal cavity creating an upward “sucking” effect that pulls blood toward the heart

A

Respiratory pump

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13
Q

bld vs. (veins) uses smooth muscle in tunica media to move blood
(sympathetic NS)

A

Venoconstriction

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14
Q

bulging/distending of a bld vs. on ONE side

A

Saccular Aneurysm

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15
Q

bulging/distending of a blood vessel on BOTH sides

A

Fusiform Aneurysm

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16
Q

pushes through endothelium + stays WITHIN media

A

Dissecting Aneurysm

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17
Q

What is the blood flow equation?

A

F (CO) = P / R

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18
Q

Effect of epinephrine

A

Increases cardiac output (HR + contractility)
Increases peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Relaxation of bronchioles

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19
Q

Blood volume = normal
Blood vs. become very dilated

A

Vascular shock

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20
Q

Bld. vs. dont fill correct and cannot circulate normally (cell and organ damage follows)

A

Circulatory shock

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21
Q

Heart is inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation

A

Cardiogenic shock

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22
Q

Fluid build up

A

Edema

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23
Q

Fluid build up

A

Edema

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24
Q

Pumps blood 1 way + has vavles

A

Muscular pump

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25
Q

Smooth muscles have smooth muscles in tunica

A

Venoconstriction

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25
Q

Smooth muscles have smooth muscles in tunica

A

Venoconstriction

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26
Q

Effect of angiotensin 2

A

Increases peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction) (arterioles)

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27
Q

Hormone that increases peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Increases blood volume (decrease blood loss)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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27
Q

Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Increases blood volume (decrease blood loss)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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28
Q

Medication that can decreases blood volume

A

Diuretic

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29
Q

Part of the brain that controls thirst

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Part of the brain that controls thirst

A

Hypothalamus

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30
Q

Plasma protein made in liver continually + is dormant

A

Angiotensinogen

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31
Q

Where does the aldosterone come from?

A

From cortex of adrenal gland

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32
Q

Increases sodium reabsorption + water retension

A

Aldosterone

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32
Q

Increases sodium reabsorption + water retension

A

Aldosterone

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33
Q

Vasoconstriction is

A

systemic

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34
Q

HPc in arteriole end in capillary bed?

A

35 mmhg

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35
Q

HPc in venous end in cappilary

A

17 mmHg

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36
Q

What is osmotic pressure in the venous and arteriole end?

A

25 mmHg

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37
Q

too much fluid in tissues, not enough absoprtion

A

Pitting edema

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38
Q

How many L a day are filtered through the capillary beds?

A

20 L

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39
Q

How much fluid is reabsorbed into the venous end of cappilaries

A

17L and the 3L remaining is absorbed through lymph vessels

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40
Q

Senses changes in BP and where are they located

A

Baroreceptors and Aortic arch and Carotid sinus

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41
Q

What is the RAA system innervated by

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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42
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter lymph

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43
Q

Brings lymph back to nodes

A

Afferent vessels

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44
Q

Fewer vessels than afferent because foreign things are being attacked for longer

A

Efferent vessels

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45
Q

Drains lower lymphatic vessels
Inferior to diaphragm

A

Cisterna chyli

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46
Q

Cancer that spreads through the lymphatic system

A

Carcinoma

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47
Q

Cancer that spreads through blood is

A

Sarcoma

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48
Q

Major lymphatic duct that distributes lymph back into venous system (subclavian + internal jugular that forms brachiocephallic trunk)

A

Thoracic duct

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49
Q

Drains lymph from right arm and head

A

Right lymphatic duct

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50
Q

Responsible for immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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51
Q

Attack foreign cells (antigens) and aid in cellular immunity

A

T cells

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52
Q

Cells that produce plasma cells and are responsible antibody production

A

B Cells and Humoral immunity

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53
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus organ(superior to heart) and hemopoetic tissue

54
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Peyer’s patches
Spleen (largest lymphoid organ)
Tonsils
Appendix
Lymph nodes

55
Q

Swelling of tissue

A

Edema

56
Q

Blockage of lymphatic vessels (cannot get to inguinal node)

A

Lymphedema

57
Q

Edema

A

swelling of tissue

58
Q

cells (lymphocytes), chemicals, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever

A

Internal defenses

59
Q

Skin, mucosae

A

Surface barriers

60
Q

Adaptive defenses

A

Humoral (B cells)
Cellular (T cells)

61
Q

3 Adaptive responses

A

Specific, Systemic, Memory

62
Q

Makes memory cells (remembers infection)

A

Memory: adaptive response

63
Q

All cells activated throughout all the body

A

Systemic: adaptive responses

64
Q

Grafts from different individuals of same species

A

Allograft

65
Q

Tissue from 1 area to another

A

Autograft

66
Q

Graft from genetically identical individual

A

Isograft

67
Q

Graft for different species (heart valves)

A

Xenograft

68
Q

What are CD4 T cells?

A

TH (Helper T cells): activate b cells + other cells
TR (regulatory cells): modulate immune response (vs autoimmune)

69
Q

The tracheal rings are composed of what type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

70
Q

The primary function of the larynx is

A

Controlling airflow into the trachea

71
Q

Pulmonary venules carry ________ blood, while pulmonary arterioles carry _______ blood

A

Oxygenated / deoxygenated

72
Q

The left and right lung are morphologically identical:

A

False

73
Q

The muscles involved in normal quiet breathing are the external intercostal and the diaphragm

A

True

74
Q

Veins and vessels come from

A

Splanctic mesoderm

75
Q

Where does the thymus gland come from?

A

Endoderm

76
Q

Cardioacceleratory
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

77
Q

Vasomotor nerve
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

78
Q

Vagus nerve
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

79
Q

Short term regulation of BP involves what

A

Hormones and nervous system (symp.)

80
Q

Resistance vessels that control basal motor tone

A

Arterioles

81
Q

Renin is released from the kidney when…

A

Baroreceptors recieve signal that blood pressure is too low

82
Q

Long term maintenance of blood pressure

A

RAA system in the kidney

83
Q

Innate defenses?

A

Surface barriers: skin, mucosae
Internal defenses: cells, chemicals, NK cells, inflammation

84
Q

Most prevalent immunoglobulin

A

IgG

85
Q

First immunoglobulin on the scene

A

IgM

86
Q

Hypersensitivity types:

A

Type I: Acute allergies: IgE > fatal
Type II: Subacute: IgG + IgM > pollen allergy
Type II: Delayed: contact dermatitis

87
Q

Type II hypersensitivity immunoglobulins

A

IgG + IgM

88
Q

Type I sensitivity immunoglobulin

A

IgE

89
Q

Where do b and t cells originate

A

Hemocytoblasts from hemopoetic tissue

90
Q

When does the thymus gland start to atrophy?

A

When kids hit puberty

91
Q

Where do B cells gain immunocompetence?

A

RBM (hemopoietic tissue)

92
Q

Where do T cells gain immunocompetence?

A

Thymus

93
Q

Largest lymphoid organ

A

Spleen

94
Q

Pulmonary ventilation:
External respiration

A

O2 lung to blood
CO2 blood to lung

95
Q

Pulmonary ventilation:
Internal respiration

A

O2 blood to tissue
CO2 tissues to blood

96
Q

3 opening of diaphragm

A

IVC, esophagus, aorta

97
Q

Diaphragm is made of what?

A

Voluntary skeletal muscle and innervated by phrenic nerve

98
Q

What keeps diaphragm alive?

A

Phrenic nerve: spinal nerve: cervical
C3, C4, C5

99
Q

Where does pleural cavity come from?

A

Endoderm

100
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Increase in pressure-decrease in volume
Decrease in pressure-increase in volume

101
Q

Surfactants…

A

Reduce surface tension

102
Q

Type II Alveolar cells

A

Septal (surfactants)

103
Q

Dalton’s law

A

% of gas x 760 mmHg (atmospheric pressure)
Ex: 0.15 x 760 mmHg

104
Q

Respiratory centers

A

Medulla + pons

105
Q

Normal breathing

A

Eupnea

106
Q

Labored breathing

A

Dyspia

107
Q

No breathing

A

Apnea

108
Q

Increase in amt. of breaths

A

Hyper apnea

109
Q

Increase or decrease in CO2 levels

A

Hyper/hypocapnia

110
Q

An increase in CO2 will…

A

Lower PH > acidosis > coma

111
Q

A decrease in CO2 will…

A

Raise PH > alkaline > convulsions/tetany

112
Q

Normal blood ph

A

7.3-7.5

113
Q

Lung collapse

A

Atelectasis

114
Q

Where are the respiratory centers?

A

Medulle + Pons
Brain Stem

115
Q

O2 transport molecule is called

A

Oxyhemoglobin or de-oxyhemoglobin

116
Q

CO2 transport involves

A

Carbamino hemoglobin
Dissolved in bicarbonate fluid

117
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells lie among

A

The wall

118
Q

How many breaths per min do infants take?

A

40-80 BPM

119
Q

How many breaths do 5 year olds take?

A

35 BPM

120
Q

How many breaths do adults take?

A

16-20 BPM

121
Q

How many breaths do elderly take?

A

Raises as the get older, over 16-20 min

122
Q

Reflex in lungs

A

Herring/Breuer Reflex

123
Q

Pleural layers are derived from

A

Endoderm

124
Q

What is derived from endoderm

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Gut tube

125
Q

Layers of lung pleura

A

Parietal pleura: mediastinal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
Visceral plura:

126
Q

Layers of lung pleura

A

Parietal pleura: mediastinal pleura
diaphragmatic pleura
Visceral plura:

127
Q

^ Pressure, v Volume
v Pressure, ^ Volume

A

Boyles law

128
Q

How much dead air space do we have?

A

150 ml

129
Q

Inspiration does what to diaphragm?

A

Contracts

130
Q

Histamine is a

A

Vasodilator and shuts bronchioles

131
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Kidney (for blood filtering)

132
Q

Determines how well someone breathes

A

Alveolar Respiratory Rates (AVR)
Freq. x (TV - Dead Air Space (150ml))

133
Q

Short term regulation of bld. vol. and pressure are

A

Short-term regulation: hormones and nervous system (Resistance and Cardiac Output)

134
Q

Long term factors on bld volume + pressure

A

Long term regulation: RAA system for blood volume

135
Q

When blood PH raises above 7.8

A

CNS becomes HYPEREXCITED > Tetany > Convulsions > Respiratory Arrest

136
Q

When blood PH goes below 6.8

A

CNS becomes depressed > acidosis> leads to coma > death

137
Q

AVR (ml/min) equation

A

= frequency (breaths/min) x (TV - dead space)(ml/breath)

138
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

= % x 760 mmhg (atm. pressure)

Anatomy and Physiology II (8 decks)

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