Lecture: Reproductive System Flashcards
Where is Reproductive System derived from?
Mesoderm
a paired organ with a single enormous nephron that filters blood filtrate produced by glomeruli or glomerate—large embryonic glomeruli.
The pronephros is the first kidney to develop in the embryo of more evolved vertebrates.
Pronephric Kidney
(non-functional)
an embryonic organ that disappears in all mammalian species when the permanent kidney—the metanephros—is functional.
Mesonephric Kidney
(Functinoal)
permanent kidney in reptiles, birds, and mammals, developing by the 10th week in human embryos from the lower part of the Wolffian duct, and replacing the embryonic structure called the mesonephros.
Metanephric Kidney
Test that measures size of prostate gland
PSA
prostatic specific amplitude
Ducts from mesonephric kidney turn into
Vas deferns + epididymis
Secretes fluid into semen and goes through the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicle
This last step, in which the testis passes from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum. Testosterone.
Occurs between the seventh month and birth.
Descent of the Testes
A fetal ligament attached to the caudal epididymis and testis and the bottom of the scrotum guides the descent of the testes into the scrotum;
Gubernaculum
Normal menstrual cycle duration
28 days
Importance of Leutanizing Hormone
When levels increase, ovulation happens
Can get pregnant how many hours after ovulation?
12-15 hours
Can get pregnant how many hours after ovulation?
12-15 hours
One cell embryo (male + female)
Zygote (diploid)
Mass of 16 cells. A solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula (blastocyst) is formed.
Morula
Structure formed after Morula
Blastocyst
Where does implantation occur? What do we call the cell?
Endometrium,
morula->blastocyst->trophoblast
Pregnancy tests test for:
Beta fraction: HCG (human corionic gonadotropin hormone)
Where does fertilization occur?
Distal 1/3 of fallopian tube
When fertilized egg implants itself in the fallopian tube?
Tubal pregnancy
Where does estrogen come from?
Follicular cells
Where does estrogen come from?
Follicular cells
Surge of what hormone in day 14 of menstruation
Leutanizing Hormone (estrogen starts to decline)
Endometrial linings:
Functional layer: layer thats shed in menstruation
Basal layer: remains intact
3 Phases of the ovary:
- Follicular (before release of the egg)
- Ovulatory (egg release)
- Luteal (after egg release)
3 Phases of uterus
- Menstrual phase
- Proliferative
- Secretory
- Ischemic
Causes maturation of ovary
FSH
Importance of Prolactin
Milk production
Anterior to Posterior Anatomy:
Urinary Bladder
Uterus
Colon
Distocia
Trouble delivery
Cutting of the pineal muscle to allow for further opening of the vaginal canal
Epesiotomy
What makes the sperm?
Testis
For every spermatocyte made how many sperm are made?
4 sperm
Manufacturing of sperm
Spermatogenesis
Only found in graffian follicle. The one to be potentiall ovulated
Secondary oocyte
the change sperm undergo in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize an egg.
Capacitation
In the male, specific cells responsible for producing testosterone are
Interstitial cells of Leydig
Normal fertilization in the human is accomplished by many sperm (polyspermy), penetrating the female oocyte:
False
An important function of testosterone in the male is to stimulate secondary sexual characteristics
True
Cells that produce estrogen
Granulosa cells
Cells that produce estrogen
Granulosa cells
Process of creating the 3 germ layers
Gastrulation
What kind of cells produce surfactant? When are they produced?
Alveolar Type II , 3rd Trimester
What kind of cells produce surfactant? When are they produced?
Alveolar Type II , 3rd Trimester
Types of Hernias
inguinal (inner groin)
incisional (resulting from an incision)
femoral (outer groin), umbilical (belly button)
hiatal (upper stomach).
Embryonic development
Weeks 1-7
Fetal development
Weeks 8
What produces HCG?
Trophoblast
Peritoneum covering the uterine structure
Broad ligament
Where does the placenta originate?
Cervical canal
the placenta attaches low in the uterus.
Placenta Previa
Lowers blood pressure, LDL
Increases HDL
Day 1-14
Estrogen
Mature follicle has (blank) oocyte
Secondary
Last ovarian hormone, produced by corpus luteum
Progesterone and some estrogen
As follicle becomes mature (Graffian), the uterus starts to (blank)
Proliferate
Maternal side of placenta
Comes from decidua basalis
Fetal side of the placenta
Comes from chorionic villi
Blood supply to the uterus
Uterine artery
Where do umbilical arteries come from
the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.
Metabolites and deoxygenated blood diffuses (blank) of the
OUT
Oxygenated and nutrient rish blood diffuses (blank)
INTO umbilical vein
When does baby take its first breath
The CO2 gets so high in order to inspire air
Hole in the heart
Opening in foramen ovale
Hole in the heart
Opening in foramen ovale
Non-harmful substances that can cross the placental barrier
oxygen, watersm carbs, aminoco acids, lipids, electrolytes
Harmful substances that can cross the placental barrier
Drugs, poisons, carbon monoxide, some viruses, toxoplasma gondii, rubella
Nontransferrable substances
IgM + IgS, transferrinf, bacteria, heparin
Rh- mother grows Rh+ baby can grow Anti-Rh antibodies and can pass it the Rh+ baby in second pregnancy
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Any substance that is harmful and can produce abnormal development
Teratogens
IgA, IgG, Interferons (blank) the placental barrier
CAN
Sac developing around the developing fetus
Amnion
Where do amniotic fluid comes from?
Maternal blood vessels + urination
Ventricles of the brain becomes swollen and enlarged
Hydrocephallus
PID
Pelvic inflammatory disease
the affected person has three copies of one of the chromosomes instead of two. Downs syndrome
Trisomy
Ectoderm
Skin, neural development
Mesoderm
Kidneys, gonads, muscle, bone, CT
Endoderm
Epithelial lining and glands or digestive and respiratory tracts
How many primary germ layers are normally found in developing human during final stages of embryogenesis?
3
uring development, a 16 solid-cell embryo is called
Morula
The normal human placenta is comprised of the decidua basalis and the
carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus,
The umbilical vein
Fertilzation of one egg by sperm
Monospermy
Fraternal twins happen when
DI-ZYGOTIC TWINS
Two seperate eggs (zygotes) are fertilized with different sperms and implanted in the uterus in a fused or seperate in chorionic sacs. They each have **their own amniotic cavity **
Identical twins happen when
MONO-ZYGOTIC TWINS
When one cell zygote turns into two seperate inner cell masses. Two amnions but one clear placenta
Conjoined twins happen when
develop when an early embryo only partially separates to form two individuals.
