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A&P 106 > Lecture Unit 1 Ch21 > Flashcards

Lecture Unit 1 Ch21 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a capillary

A

Large surface area and minimal distance; microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules
- composed of single layer of cells and basement membrane (thin)

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2
Q

Describe arteries

A

Very thick walls, elastic (to absorb pressure created by ventricles as they pump blood into the arteries), can regulate diameter

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3
Q

What happens to the arteries with age?

A

They can burst, not as elastic ex. garden hose

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4
Q

What does the tunica media help the arteries do?

A

Regulated their diameter

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5
Q

What do the arteries do with every heartbeat

A

recoil when the pressure minimizes

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6
Q

Types of arteries:
Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

A
  • large diameter
  • more elastic fibers
  • less smooth muscle
  • function as pressure reserviors
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7
Q

Types of arteries:
Muscular arteries (distributing arteries)

A
  • medium diameter
  • more smooth muscle
  • less elastic fibers
  • distribute blood to various parts of the body (decides where blood is going)
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8
Q

What does the distributing arteries do as you run

A

The distributing arteries in your arms would constrict and the ones in your legs would expand to help with blood flow

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9
Q

What happens to the arteries during a ventricular contraction (systole)?

A

The aorta and arteries stretch

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10
Q

What happens to the arteries during a ventricular relaxation (diastole)?

A

The aorta and arteries recoil

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11
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Union of the branches of 2 or more arteries supplying the same region of the body; provides alternate route for blood flow

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12
Q

What is an end artery?

A

Arteries that are not an anastomosis; if blocked blood cannot get to that region of the body and necrosis may occur

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13
Q

What happens if an anastomosis is clogged?

A

The blood will go to another artery thats apart of the anastomosis

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14
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells; good for diffusion; branch to form an extensive capillary network throughout the tissues and are found near almost every cell in body

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15
Q

Describe veins

A

Large diameter, low pressure, formed from union of several venules, thinner tunica interna and tunica media, thicker tunica externa (compared to arteries)
- less elastic and smooth tissue
- contain valves

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16
Q

Describe venules

A

Come together to form veins, formed from union of several capillaries

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17
Q

Function of venules

A

Drain blood from capillaries into veins

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18
Q

Where does the largest portion of blood take place?

A

in systemic veins and venules, aka blood reservoirs

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19
Q

Blood distribution percentages

A
  • pulmonary vessels 9%; less blood even though they receive same amount
  • heart 7%
  • systemic arteries and arterioles 13%; high pressure system
  • systemic capillaries 7%
  • systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs) 64%
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20
Q

How do substances cross capillary walls?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow

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21
Q

Which substances cross capillary walls via simple diffusion?

A

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Glucose, Amino acids, and some Hormones

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22
Q

Which substances cross capillary walls in vesicles via transcytosis?

A

Large, lipid-soluble molecules (like insulin)

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23
Q

Describe bulk flow?

A

Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction
- occurs from area of high to low pressure
- important for regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

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24
Q

What is filtration

A

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid
- blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promote filtration

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25
Q

What is reabsorption

A

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries
- interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) promote reabsorption

26
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP) =

A

(BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)

10mmHg - 9mmHg = 1mmHg of mercury pushing through
( about 3 quarts a day); collected by lymphatic system

27
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

Total blood flow; the volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

28
Q

CO=

A

heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)
or
mean arterial pressure (MAP) / resistance (R) (subject to change)

29
Q

What determines BP?

A

CO, blood volume, the greater the blood flow; the higher the BP, the greater the blood flow

30
Q

How is BP generated?

A

Contraction of ventricles

31
Q

What is vascular resistance (R)?

A

The opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels
- the higher the R, the smaller the blood flow

32
Q

What does R depend on?

A
  • size of the blood vessels lumen
  • blood viscosity
  • total blood vessel length
33
Q

What is venouos return?

A

The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the systemic veins, occurs due to the pressure generated by contractions of the hearts left ventricle

34
Q

What helps assist venous return

A
  • valves
  • respiratory pump
  • skeletal muscle pump
35
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle pump located?

A

embedded between muscles

36
Q

What happens to the velocity of blood flow as the surface area increases? specifically capillaries

A

The speed decreases

37
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

Important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and the atria

38
Q

Negative feedback regulation of BP

A

stimulus - disrupts homeostasis by decreasing; controlled condition - blood pressure; receptors - baroreceptors in carotid sinus and arch of aorta; input - stretch less, which decreases rate of nerve impulses; Control centers - CV center in medulla oblongata + adrenal medulla; Output - increased sympathetic, decreased parasympathetic stimulation + increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla; Effectors - heart + blood vessels; increased stroke volume and heart rate lead to increased CO + constriction of blood vessels increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR); Response - increased blood pressure; return to homeostasis when increased CO and increased R bring blood pressure back to normal

39
Q

Increased heart rate and contractility

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine; increased BP

40
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), norepinephrie, epinephrine; increase BP

41
Q

Vasodiliation

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), epinephrine, nitric oxide; decrease BP

42
Q

Blood volume increase

A

aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone; increase BP

43
Q

Blood volume decrease

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide’ decrease BP

44
Q

Explain autoregulation of BP

A

The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its own blood flow to match its metabolic demand for delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes
- physical and chemical stimuli can lead to autoregulation

45
Q

Shock and homeostasis

A

Shock is an inadequate CO that results in failure of the CV system to meet the metabolic demands of body cells
- cell membranes dysfunction, cell metabolism is abnormal and cell death may occur

46
Q

Types of shock: hypovolemic

A

Due to decreased blood volume

47
Q

Types of shock: cardiogenic

A

Due to poor heart function

48
Q

Types of shock: vascular

A

Due to excess vasodilation (constricted vessels) - seen in massive allergy or sepsis; most common cause of death in hospital critical care unit

49
Q

Types of shock: obstructive

A

Due to obstruction of blood flow

50
Q

Homeostatic responses to shock

A
  • activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • secretion of anitduretic hormone (long term reaction; kidneys)
  • activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (brain trying to stabilize; where fight or flight kicks in)
  • release of local vasodilators (recruitment tool= veins)
51
Q

Signs and symptoms of shock

A

Clammy, cool, pale skin, tachycardia (high heart rate), weak, rapid pulse, sweating, hypotension (SBP <90 mmHg; heart doesn’t provide enough pressure), altered mental state (brain running on low amount of energy), decreased urinary output, thirst, acidosis

52
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Moves blood between heart and rest of body

Leaves left side of heart to supply coronary, cerebral, renal, digestive, and hepatic circulations.

53
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Moves blood between heart and lungs

Leaves the right heart to allow blood to be re-oxygenated and to off-load CO2. Bronchial circulation provides oxygenated blood to the lungs, not pulmonary circulation which oxygenates blood.

54
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Returns blood from digestive tract to spleen and liver

55
Q

Fetal circulation

A

Allows fetus to receive oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta

56
Q

Aging effect in CV system

A
  • loss of compliance of aorta
  • reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size (dies spontaneously)
  • progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength
  • decline in max heart rate
  • increased systolic BP
57
Q

Normal BP

A

less than 120/less than 80 (systolic vs diastolic)

58
Q

Prehypertension

A

120-139 or/ 80-89 (systolic vs diastolic)

59
Q

Stage 1 hypertension

A

140-150 or/ 90-99 (systolic vs diastolic)

60
Q

Stage 2 hypertension

A

Over 160 or/over 100 (systolic vs diastolic)

61
Q

Hypotension

A

BP too low to allow sufficient blood flow (hypo-perfusion) to maintain homeostasis
- typical in young women; may not even show symptoms of it and may be healthy cardiovascular wise

62
Q

What does hyptension leading to hypo perfusion lead to?

A

results in shock; more rare but also more beneficial with age

A&P 106 (7 decks)

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