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a&p 106 > Lecture Unit 1 Ch20 > Flashcards

Lecture Unit 1 Ch20 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the location of the heart

A

The heart is located in the mediastinum and sits slightly to the left, enclosed and held in place by the pericardium

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2
Q

Why is the pericardium beneficial to the heart?

A

It minimized friction since there is a lot of volume change.

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3
Q

What does the pericardium consist of?

A

Outer fibrous pericardium and Inner serous pericardium

  • Serous pericardium has 2 layers: visceral and parietal (separated by the serous cavity; a fluid filled space)
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4
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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5
Q

Where does the right ventricle receive blood from?

A

Right atrium

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6
Q

Which chamber sends blood to the lungs

A

Right ventricle

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7
Q

Where does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

Pulmonary veins; blood comes from lung up to chamber

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8
Q

Where does the left ventricle receive blood from?

A

Left atrium; sends blood all over body

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9
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

While there is an equal amount of blood in both ventricles, the blood in left ventricle goes at a much higher pressure.

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10
Q

How many chambers? How many entry points?

A

4;6

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11
Q

What do the right and left atrioventricular valves do?

A

Prevent back flow from the ventricles into the atria

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12
Q

What do the right and left semilunar valves do?

A

Prevent back flow from the arteries into the ventricles

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13
Q

What activates heart valves?

A

Pressure

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14
Q

Can the superior and inferior vena cava be blocked? Why or why not

A

No, it is too large

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15
Q

Name the steps in the path of blood flow through systemic and pulmonary circulation

A

Closed system
(deoxygenated blood)
1. Right atrium (tricuspid valve)
2. Right ventricle (pulmonary valve)
3. Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
4. In pulmonary capillaries, blood loses CO2 and gains O2
(oxygenated blood)
5. Pulmonary veins
6. Left atrium (bicuspid valve)
7. Left ventricle (aortic valve)
8. Aorta and systemic arteries - lugs + heart supplied by this
9. In systemic capillaries, blood loses O2 and gains CO2
10. Superior, Inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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16
Q

Why does your leg fall asleep?

A

Not getting enough oxygen

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17
Q

Describe blood flow from the coronary arteries

A

Delivers oxygenated blood and nutrients to the myocardium; branches arise from the ascending aorta

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18
Q

Describe blood flow from the coronary veins

A

Remove carbon dioxide and wastes from the myocardium; branches converge at the coronary sinus

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19
Q

Describe the correlation between blood flow and a contraction

A

During a contraction, there is almost no blood flow due to the pressure

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20
Q

Describe cardiac muscle cells

A

Self-excitable and autorhythmic; about 1% of cardiac muscle don’t contract because their job is self-excitability

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21
Q

What is the conduction system?

A

The route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscle

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22
Q

How do muscle cells cause heart contractions

A

By repeatedly generating spontaneous action potentials

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23
Q

What part of the conduction system initiates action potentials most frequently

A

The autorhythmic fibers in the SA node; These are the natural pacemakers of the heart because they initiate action potentials most frequently

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24
Q

How do signals from the nervous system and hormones play a role on the conduction system?

A

They can modify the heart rate and force a contraction; do not set the fundamental rhythm.

25
Q

Characteristics of an action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber

A

Rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization

26
Q

Ionic linkage role in ventricular fiber

A

ionic linkage into non contracting cells which make space and cause contraction

27
Q

ATP production in cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac muscle generates ATP via anaerobic cellular respiration and creatine phosphate

28
Q

What is an EKG

A

A recording of electrical changes that accompany each heart beat; looking at entire heart; measurement of change in cells

29
Q

What does the P-Q interval in an EKG measure

A

The atrial contraction; shorter

30
Q

What does the Q-T interval in an EKG measure

A

The ventricular contraction; longer

31
Q

Action potential propagation through the heart

A
  1. Depolarization of atrial contractile fibers produce P waves
  2. Atrial systole (contraction)
  3. Depolarization of ventricular contractile fibers produces QRS complex
  4. Ventricular systole (contraction)
  5. Repolarization of ventricular contractile fibers produces T wave
  6. Ventricular diastole (relaxation)
32
Q

Systole

A

Contraction

33
Q

Diasotle

A

Relaxation

34
Q

ECG: How long is the atrial systole

A

0.1 seconds

35
Q

ECG: How long is the ventricular systole

A

0.3 seconds

36
Q

ECG: How long is the relaxation period

A

0.4 seconds (shrinks when you start exercising)

37
Q

What happens to the Aortic pressure if you have a heart attack

A

Keeps going down

38
Q

How many sounds per 1 beat?

A

2

39
Q

Where to listen for aortic valve?

A

Between ribs 2 and 3 on right side

40
Q

Where to listen for tricuspid valve?

A

By rib 6 on left side

41
Q

Where to listen for pulmonary valve?

A

Between ribs 2 and 3 on left side

42
Q

Where to listen for bicuspid valve?

A

Between ribs 5 and 6 on left side

43
Q

Where does the diastolic volume end?

A

End of atrial systole

44
Q

Where does systolic volume end?

A

End of ventricular systole

45
Q

Name mechanical events in atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction

46
Q

Name mechanical events in ventricular systole

A

Isovolumetric contraction and ventricular ejection

47
Q

Name mechanical events in relaxation period

A

Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling

48
Q

What is cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute

49
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in one beat

50
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO (mL/min) = SV (mL/beat) x HR (beats/min)
- all increase together
- CO changes when heart beat changes

51
Q

Explain Starling’s Law of the heart

A

The more the heart muscle is stretched (filled) before the contraction (preload), the more forcefully the heart will contract
- If increased SV and preload- the sympathetic tone will increase during exercise

52
Q

Factors regulating stroke volume

A

preload, contractility, and afterload

53
Q

What several factors regulate heart rate

A

autonomic nervous system, hormones, ions, age, gender , physical fitness, and temperature

54
Q

What can regular aerobic exercise do to the heart

A

increase cardiac output, increase HDL, decrease triglycerides (fat %), improve lung function, decrease blood pressure, assist in weight control

55
Q

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances
Coronary artery disease

A

Plaque buildup in wall of arteries

56
Q

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances
Atherosclerotic plaques

A

Buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in artery walls

57
Q

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances
Congenital heart defects

A

Birth defect

58
Q

Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances
Arrhythmia

A

Irregular heartbeat

a&p 106 (7 decks)

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