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a&p 106 > Lecture Unit 1 Ch19 > Flashcards

Lecture Unit 1 Ch19 Flashcards

1
Q

Define blood

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

Name all the parts of blood (w/ percentages)

A

Blood plasma (55%) Buffy coat (<1%) Red blood cells (45%)

  • There is more plasma than blood cells
  • Solid particles sit at bottom
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3
Q

Name cellular components vs plasma portion

A

Cellular components: RBC, WBC, Platelets
Plasma portion: Water, proteins (majority of which are water-soluble), other solutes

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4
Q

Who has a lower blood volume and why?

A

Women, less body mass as well as monthly periods

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5
Q

Describe the function of WBC

A

Respond to infections; defense mechanisms

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6
Q

Describe function of RBC

A

Transport O2 + CO2; most numerous

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7
Q

Describe function of platelets

A

Inhibits clotting; smaller numbers
- Leftovers from cells that differentiated and died
- Come from megakaryocytes (in red bone marrow)
- Can no longer do cell division, translation, or transcription - dead cells

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8
Q

What two parts of the body lack RBC/blood

A

Spinal fluid and eyeball

  • Reason for sensitivity and lacking fresh liquid
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9
Q

Name the functions of blood

A
  • Transports oxygen (needs RBC), carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products
  • Regulates homeostasis of all body fluids, pH, body temp, and water content of cells
  • Protects against excessive loss by clotting, and uses WBC to protect against infections
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10
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Water

A

91.5%; Solvent and suspending medium. Absorbs, transports, and releases heat. Helps with temperature control.

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11
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Proteins

A

7%; Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure. Major contributors to blood viscosity. Transport hormones, fatty acids, and calcium. Regulate blood pH.

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12
Q

Proteins in blood plasma function:
Albumins

A

Smallest and most numerous plasma protein; Help maintain osmotic pressure, important for exchanging fluids across capillary wall.

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13
Q

Proteins in blood plasma function:
Globulins

A

Large and produce immunoglobulins; Immunoglobulins attack viruses and bacteria. Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.

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14
Q

Proteins in blood plasma function:
Fibrinogen

A

Large protein; Plays essential role in blood clotting.

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15
Q

Other solutes in blood plasma function:
Electrolytes

A

Inorganic salts, positively charged (cations) Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, negatively charged (anions) Cl-, HPO42-, SO42-, HCO3-; Help maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions

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16
Q

Other solutes in blood plasma function:
Nutrients

A

Products of digestion such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals; Essential roles in cell functions, growth, and development.

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17
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Gases

A

Oxygen - important in many cellular functions
Carbon dioxide - involved in regulation of blood pH
Nitrogen - No known function

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18
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Regulatory substances

A

Enzymes - catalyze chemical reactions
Hormones - regulate metabolism, growth, and development
Vitamins - Cofactors for enzymatic reactions

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19
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Waste Products

A

Urea, uric acid, creatine creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia - most are breakdown products of protein metabolism that are carried by the blood to organs of excretion

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20
Q

Lymphocytes lifespan

A

Up to years; longest living cells

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21
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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22
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells

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23
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells turn into what?

A

Each of the different types of blood cells
- turn into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
- myeloid branch off into erythrocytes and platelets; lymphoid branch off into T,B, and NK cells

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24
Q

Granular Leukocytes:
Neutrophils

A

Most numerous (60-70% of all WBC); Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.

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25
Q

Granular Leukocytes:
Eosinophils

A

2-4% of all WBC; Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.

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26
Q

Granular Leukocytes:
Basophils

A

Least numerous (0.5-1% of all WBC); Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.

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27
Q

Agranular Leukocytes:
Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, Natural Killer cells)

A

20-25% of all WBC; Mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions.
- B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
- T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells
- NK cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

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28
Q

Agranular Leukocytes:
Monocytes

A

3-8% of all WBC; Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages)

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29
Q

Platelets lifespan

A

5-9 days

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30
Q

What is thrombopoietin

A

A hormone that allows hemopoietic stem cells to differentiate into platelets

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31
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Proteins that contain an iron ion embedded in it that allows each molecule to bind to 4 oxygen molecules. What causes the red color. Carries oxygen to all cells and some CO2 to lungs.

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32
Q

RBC characteristic and how it plays a role in its function

A

No nucleus, biconcave discs which gives more surface area and allows for them to carry oxygen more efficiently.

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33
Q

What specifically allows for RBC to be red

A

As the iron in the hemoglobin becomes more oxidated, it becomes more red and vice versa

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34
Q

Structure breakdown of RBC
Slide 23 of Ch 19

A

You have an iron-containing heme (yellow structure with a single red iron inside), that is in a hemoglobin molecule (made of globins (beta polypeptide chains) as well as small circles of the heme within the globins. These hemoglobin molecules are in the RBC which is the red, biconcave disc.

35
Q

What gas helps hemoglobin regulate blood flow and BP and how?

A

Nitric oxide causes vasodilation in order to improve blood flow and enhance oxygen delivery by inhibiting smooth muscle (when a ring relaxes, more will go through it)

36
Q

How does carbonic anhydrase play a role in RBC?

A

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid
- Carbonic acid transports about 70% of CO2 in plasma

37
Q

What happens to the dead RBC?

A

Recycled and reused through the spleen and liver
- explains why there are extra wide openings on these two organs and why if these are punctured, you can die

38
Q

What happens if iron is not moved from the liver in about a week?

A

The RBC count will go down because the bone is not getting enough iron and cannot receive it from food

39
Q

What happens to the bile and iron in the heme when the RBC dies?

A

the bile transfers to the gallbladder and the iron is moved from the liver to the bones - due to the binding with transferrin

40
Q

Describe slide 26 on Ch 19

A

The RBC dies and the globin is turned into amino acids and reused for protein synthesis, the heme is turned into biliverdin and then bilirubin which is sent to the liver and down the SI, LI, and then the kidney (for what?), the heme also has the iron taken out of it and is sent to the liver with the help of transferrin where it is then sent to the bones.

41
Q

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur

A

Production of RBC that begin in red bone marrow

42
Q

What is erythropoietin

A

A hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentration) which stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in erythrocytes

43
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

Immature RBC that will mature in 1-2 days (still have nucleus until they mature)

44
Q

WBC classifications

A
  • contain nucleus and organelles, no hemoglobin
    Granular - containing vesicles that appear when cells are stained; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
    Agranular - not containing vesicles; lymphocytes, monocytes
45
Q

slide 31 classify each leukocyte

A
46
Q

Define emigration/diapedesis

A

When WBC are able to leave bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion, comes from binding proteins as recruiting agents.

47
Q

What does a elevation in WBC entail and how can we tell if a problem exists?

A

Infection or inflammation; a differential WBC count will help determine if theres a problem

48
Q

Neutrophils: high count vs low count

A

High count - bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation
Low count - radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematous

49
Q

Lymphocytes: high count vs low count

A

High count - viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis
Low count - Prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol

50
Q

Monocytes: high count vs low count

A

High count - viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases
Low count - bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol

51
Q

Eosinophils: high count vs low count

A

High count - allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases
Low count - drug toxicity, stress, scute allergic reactions

52
Q

Basophils: high count vs low count

A

High count - allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism
Low count - Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism

53
Q

How many people have Rh present

A

85%

54
Q

Antigen classifications

A

A,B,AB, or O (absence of antigens)

55
Q

How many blood groups and antigens are there?

A

24 and over 100 antigens

56
Q

How is blood characterized in different blood groups?

A

Based on presence or absence of glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBC

57
Q

Likeliness of blood types in order from high to low

A

O,A,B,AB (Rh common as well)

58
Q

What is agglutinins

A

Antibodies

59
Q

Antigen vs Antibody

A

Antigen will be same as blood type, antibody will be different to blood type

ex: type A blood will have A antigen, anti-B antibody to fight off opposing antigens

  • AB will have neither and O will have both
60
Q

Rh effect on pregnancy

A

If Rh- mother gets pregnant with Rh+ baby, mother will develop anti-Rh antibodies that will stay after she gives birth. If she gets pregnant with another Rh+ baby, those already existing antigens will attack baby’s blood causing agglutination and hemolysis (destruction of RBC)

61
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Genetic anemia (oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced) because the RBC is bent in a sickle shape

  • sickle shape caused by hemoglobin-S (Hb-S)
62
Q

Anemia

A

Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced, lack of O2 and heat production; causes fatigue, cold intolerance, and paleness

63
Q

Types of anemia:
Iron-deficiency

A

Lack of absorption or loss of iron

64
Q

Types of anemia:
Pernicious

A

Lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

65
Q

Types of anemia:
Hemorrhagic

A

Loss of RBC’s due to bleeding (ulcer)

66
Q

Types of anemia:
Hemolytic

A

Defects in cell membranes causes rupture (passages rupture and hemoglobin dissovles)

67
Q

Types of anemia:
Thalassemia

A

Hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin

68
Q

Types of anemia:
Aplastic

A

Destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)

69
Q

How can we replace cancerous bone marrow?

A

Through bone marrow transplants; typically collected from iliac crest of hip bone or taken from umbilical cord and frozen (can have advantage from this way)

70
Q

What is hemostasis and what are the steps in involved?

A

When a blood vessel breaks and you try to stop the bleeding; steps are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation)

71
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

Only occurs in low flow, low pressure environments, collagen fibers not supposed to be in contact with everything flowing inside and when they do touch, this formation occurs

72
Q

Blood clot formation

A

Cells are caught in fibrin thread, these threads are loose leaf - just meant to capture the cells… a later step will seal it.

73
Q

The 3 stages of clotting

A
  • Formation of prothrombinase
  • Conversion of prothrombin (thrombin)
  • Conversion of fibrinogen (fibrin)
    (domino affect)
  • Fibrinogen is inactive form - not sticky
  • Thrombin and Fibrin are active forms - sticky
74
Q

What ion is essential for blood clotting

A

Calcium, collagen is calcium dependent, excessive bruising indicated calcium deficiency

75
Q

Clotting factors

A

Fibrinogen
Prothrombin
Tissue factor (thromboplastin)
Calcium ions
Proaccelerin, labile factor, or accelerator globulin (AcG)
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA),
Antihemophilic factor (AHF)
Christmas factor
Stuart factor
Plasma thromboplstin anteedent
Hageman factor
Fibrin-stablizing factor

76
Q

What is plasmin

A

Enzyme that dissolves small unwanted clots, can help decrease chance of heart attack because it limits vitamin K.

77
Q

What happens to the vessel after clot formation

A

The clot will retract/ tighten to pull the edges of damaged vessel together

78
Q

What fibrinolytic system

A

Dissolves small inappropriate clots

79
Q

Why is clot formation localized

A
  • Fibrin absorbs thrombin
  • Blood disperses clotting factors
  • Endothelial cells and WBC produce prostacyclin that opposes thromboxane A2 (platelet adhesion and release)
80
Q

What is thrombosis

A

Clot (thrombus) forms in an unbroken blood vessel, may dissolve spontaneously or dislodge and travel
- not as deadly

81
Q

What is embolus

A

Clot, air bubble or fat from broken bone in the blood, pulmonary embolus is found in lungs, surgery needed

82
Q

Aspirin vs clots

A

Low dose aspirin blocks synthesis of thromboxane A2 (inhibits clots) and reduce inappropriate clot formation. Prevents irregular clots, but can cause regular clots

83
Q

What are thrombolytic agents used for

A

Dissolving clots (agent equals against)

84
Q

Blood thinners

A

Do not make blood thiner or break up clots but do prevent blood from forming new clots and can slow the growth of existing ones

some anticoagulants do this by removing vitamin K from liver but will not do much if you consume too much vitamin K (typically healthy for you but bad choice if you are on blood thinners)

a&p 106 (7 decks)

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