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Psyc2020 > Lecture/textbook Content > Flashcards

Lecture/textbook Content Flashcards

0
Q

What type of cell leads to the CNS?

A

Afferent

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1
Q

What type of cell leads away from the CNS?

A

An efferent cell

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2
Q

In the automatic system of the PNS, the efferent cells are divided into too types of nerves. What are they?

A

Sympathetic and the parasympathetic

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3
Q

What 12 PNS nerves are in the skull ?

A

The cranial nerves

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4
Q

What is the olfactory nerve responsible for?

A

Smell

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5
Q

What is the optic nerve responsible for ?

A

Sight

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6
Q

What three nerves are involved in eye moment and where do each look?

A

Occulomotor- everywhere but up and to the sides
Trochlear- upwards
Abducens- to the side

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7
Q

What is number is the triGerminal nerve and what is it responsible for?

A

Facial sensations and chewing

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8
Q

What is the facial nerve responsible for?

A

The faces sensations such as crying, nose running, drooling as well as taste from front 2/3 of tongue. (Spiders!)

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9
Q

What is the auditory/vestibular nerve responsible for?

A

Hearing

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10
Q

What is responsible for the back1/3 of the tongue?

A

The glossophryngeal

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11
Q

What 3 structures are in place to protect the brain?

A

Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier.

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12
Q

What does pia mater mean, what and where is is?

A

Pia mater = soft
What= meninges
Where= innermost mennix

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13
Q

What does arachnoid membrane mean, what and where is it?

A 
Arachnoid = spider 
What = web-like membrane 
Where= in the dura mater
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14
Q

What is the dura mater, where is it and what does it mean?

A 
Dura = tough 
What= meninges 
Where= outer tough membrane
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15
Q

What is the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

To cushion and support the brain

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16
Q

What barrier impedes the passage of toxic chemicals entering the brain?

A

Blood-brain barrier

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17
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for functions below the shoulders such as the gut ?

A

Vagus nerve

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18
Q

What is cranial nerve number 11 and what is it responsible for?

A

Accessory nerve. Responsible for neck and shoulders( like an accessory)

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19
Q

Cranial nerves number 12 is the hypoglossal, what is it’s function?

A

Tongue movement

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20
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the brain?

A

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and the myelencephalon.

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21
Q

What is another word for the myelencephalon ?

A

The medulla

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22
Q

What is the myelencephalon/medulla responsible for?

A

Vital functions such as heart rate and breathing. Composed of atonal tracts that carry information from brain to body and back.

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23
Q

What are some of the functions in the metencephalon ?

A

Contains pons and cerebellum therefore responsible for relay of signals and movement and control.

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24
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for following visual and auditory through space?

A

The mesencephalon

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25
Q

What two structures is the diencephalon made up of ?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

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26
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Brains sensory switchboard therefore relaying signals from one part of the cortex to another

27
Q

What regulates motivated behaviour in the brain (eating, sleeping and sex)?

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

What are the 4 F’s and what system do they belong too?

A

Fighting, fleeing, feeding and fucking. They are all apart of regulating emotionally controlled behaviours therefore are apart of the limbic system.

29
Q

What causes MS?

A

The deterioration of Schwann cells

30
Q

Are sensory cells afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

31
Q

Are motor nuerons afferent/ efferent and what roots of the CNS are they on?

A

Efferent and are on ventral roots

32
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

-70mV

33
Q

At rest what concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- are there in/out of the cell?

A

At rest: K+ higher in the cell

Na+ and Cl- higher outside cell.

34
Q

What is the basic process of an action potential?

A
  1. Sodium channels open (sodium floods in)
  2. Potassium channels open (to try and balance out new sodium influx)
  3. Sodium channels close
  4. Potassium channels close
  5. Slight imbalance (hyper polarisation) before balance is restored.
35
Q

Explain the absolute refractory period

A

A second action potential can not fire in this time

36
Q

Explain the relative refractory period

A

A second AP may or may not be able to fire

37
Q

What is the difference between mylienated conduction and nonmyleinated conduction?

A
  1. Cells are mylienated or not
  2. Mylienated quicker as it can jump from node of ranvier to node of ranvier
  3. Mylienated condition is passive (requires little energy but is decremental)
38
Q

What are large neurotransmitters referred to as?

A

Neuro peptides

39
Q

Explain the packaging and transport for large molecules (neuro peptides)

A

Assembled in cytoplasm in cell body by ribosomes- packaged by Golgi complex- transported by microtubules to terminal buttons

40
Q

Explain small molecule packaging and transportation

A

Small molecules are packaged by the Golgi apparatus in the terminal buttons and stored in the terminal vesicles until synapse.

41
Q

What are the 3 types of small molecule neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acid, monoamine acids and actetylochline (ach)

42
Q

Where are amino acid neurotransmitters generally found?

A

Fast, acting directed synapses in the CNS.

43
Q

What are two common types of monoamines?

A

Dopamine and serotonin

44
Q

What type of small molecule neurotransmitter is found at muscle junctions?

A

Actetylochline (ach)

45
Q

What two things can drugs do to the nervous system?

A
  1. Facilitate it

2. Inhibit it

46
Q

What is a drug called when it inhibits the nervous system?

A

Antagonists

47
Q

What is a drug called when it facilitates the CNS?

A

An agonist

48
Q

If you were to look at an X-ray of the brain would it be good at detecting soft tissues and lesions in the brain? If no, How can we better this?

A

No, can use contrast xray where you inject chemicals into the blood stream which will accentuate target tissue and surrounding tissue

49
Q

What does CaT scan stand for and what does it do?

A

Computer assisted tomography. Takes a 3D image of the brain.

50
Q

What are some pros and cons of a CaT scan?

A

Pro- good for detecting brain tumours

Cons- static image, time consuming

51
Q

What is a PET scan? ( what does it stand for, how is it conducted?)

A

Positron Emission Tomography.

Works by injecting radioactive isotope into blood stream and the working brain takes up this isotope.

52
Q

What are some pros and cons of a PET scan ?

A

Pro: shows where a function is occurring
Con: short lived, slightly hazardous if frequently used and expensive

53
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Magnetic Resonance imaging. Detects waves of hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field.

54
Q

What is the main pro MRI?

A

Pro: high spatial acuity

55
Q

What is the difference between MRI and fMRI?

A

MRI is the detection of hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field where as function magnetic resonance imagining captures oxygen flow in brain.

56
Q

What are some pros and cons of fMRI?

A

Pro: good spatial resolution, structural and functional information and not hazardous (no injections or chemicals)
Con: time delay. Bad temporal resolution.

57
Q

What does TMS stand for? And what is it’s method?

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electrically stimulations applied to specific areas on skull and effects are measured.

58
Q

Major pro of TMS.

A

permits causality- x causes y.

59
Q

What is the shortened abbreviation for magnetoencephalography? And what’s it’s function?

A

MEG - measures magnetic changes from axons firing on the skull.

60
Q

What research method has the greatest temporal resolution? And why!?

A

MEG because axons fire so frequently and quickly therefore it can pinpoint it to milliseconds.

61
Q

What is a major con of a MEG method? And why?

A

Horribly spatial resolution, because can’t detect where the axon is firing

62
Q

What is an effective research method for measuring sleep activity ?

A

EEG

63
Q

What is an invasive research method and are they ethical for humans?

A

Damaging or interfering with the brain to see effect. Not ethical in humans, generally done on rats.

64
Q

What does a stereotaxic surgery involve? What is needed to perform?

A

Placing a recording device or stimulating device into target region.
Need at stereotaxic atlas (where) and stereotaxic device (how)

65
Q

What do lesion methods involve? What are some pros and cons ?

A

Damaging or removing target area to observe results.
Pro- can determine what part of the brain does what
Con- may not get all of the area and therefore is rarely 100% accurate

66
Q

What sense conditioning can occur after just one trial?

A

Taste aversion.

Psyc2020 (11 decks)

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