Lecture/textbook Content Flashcards
What type of cell leads to the CNS?
Afferent
What type of cell leads away from the CNS?
An efferent cell
In the automatic system of the PNS, the efferent cells are divided into too types of nerves. What are they?
Sympathetic and the parasympathetic
What 12 PNS nerves are in the skull ?
The cranial nerves
What is the olfactory nerve responsible for?
Smell
What is the optic nerve responsible for ?
Sight
What three nerves are involved in eye moment and where do each look?
Occulomotor- everywhere but up and to the sides
Trochlear- upwards
Abducens- to the side
What is number is the triGerminal nerve and what is it responsible for?
Facial sensations and chewing
What is the facial nerve responsible for?
The faces sensations such as crying, nose running, drooling as well as taste from front 2/3 of tongue. (Spiders!)
What is the auditory/vestibular nerve responsible for?
Hearing
What is responsible for the back1/3 of the tongue?
The glossophryngeal
What 3 structures are in place to protect the brain?
Meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier.
What does pia mater mean, what and where is is?
Pia mater = soft
What= meninges
Where= innermost mennix
What does arachnoid membrane mean, what and where is it?
Arachnoid = spider What = web-like membrane Where= in the dura mater
What is the dura mater, where is it and what does it mean?
Dura = tough What= meninges Where= outer tough membrane
What is the purpose of the cerebrospinal fluid?
To cushion and support the brain
What barrier impedes the passage of toxic chemicals entering the brain?
Blood-brain barrier
What cranial nerve is responsible for functions below the shoulders such as the gut ?
Vagus nerve
What is cranial nerve number 11 and what is it responsible for?
Accessory nerve. Responsible for neck and shoulders( like an accessory)
Cranial nerves number 12 is the hypoglossal, what is it’s function?
Tongue movement
What are the 5 divisions of the brain?
Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and the myelencephalon.
What is another word for the myelencephalon ?
The medulla
What is the myelencephalon/medulla responsible for?
Vital functions such as heart rate and breathing. Composed of atonal tracts that carry information from brain to body and back.
What are some of the functions in the metencephalon ?
Contains pons and cerebellum therefore responsible for relay of signals and movement and control.
What part of the brain is responsible for following visual and auditory through space?
The mesencephalon
What two structures is the diencephalon made up of ?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
What is the function of the thalamus?
Brains sensory switchboard therefore relaying signals from one part of the cortex to another
What regulates motivated behaviour in the brain (eating, sleeping and sex)?
Hypothalamus
What are the 4 F’s and what system do they belong too?
Fighting, fleeing, feeding and fucking. They are all apart of regulating emotionally controlled behaviours therefore are apart of the limbic system.
What causes MS?
The deterioration of Schwann cells
Are sensory cells afferent or efferent?
Afferent
Are motor nuerons afferent/ efferent and what roots of the CNS are they on?
Efferent and are on ventral roots
What is the resting potential?
-70mV
At rest what concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- are there in/out of the cell?
At rest: K+ higher in the cell
Na+ and Cl- higher outside cell.
What is the basic process of an action potential?
- Sodium channels open (sodium floods in)
- Potassium channels open (to try and balance out new sodium influx)
- Sodium channels close
- Potassium channels close
- Slight imbalance (hyper polarisation) before balance is restored.
Explain the absolute refractory period
A second action potential can not fire in this time
Explain the relative refractory period
A second AP may or may not be able to fire
What is the difference between mylienated conduction and nonmyleinated conduction?
- Cells are mylienated or not
- Mylienated quicker as it can jump from node of ranvier to node of ranvier
- Mylienated condition is passive (requires little energy but is decremental)
What are large neurotransmitters referred to as?
Neuro peptides
Explain the packaging and transport for large molecules (neuro peptides)
Assembled in cytoplasm in cell body by ribosomes- packaged by Golgi complex- transported by microtubules to terminal buttons
Explain small molecule packaging and transportation
Small molecules are packaged by the Golgi apparatus in the terminal buttons and stored in the terminal vesicles until synapse.
What are the 3 types of small molecule neurotransmitters?
Amino acid, monoamine acids and actetylochline (ach)
Where are amino acid neurotransmitters generally found?
Fast, acting directed synapses in the CNS.
What are two common types of monoamines?
Dopamine and serotonin
What type of small molecule neurotransmitter is found at muscle junctions?
Actetylochline (ach)
What two things can drugs do to the nervous system?
- Facilitate it
2. Inhibit it
What is a drug called when it inhibits the nervous system?
Antagonists
What is a drug called when it facilitates the CNS?
An agonist
If you were to look at an X-ray of the brain would it be good at detecting soft tissues and lesions in the brain? If no, How can we better this?
No, can use contrast xray where you inject chemicals into the blood stream which will accentuate target tissue and surrounding tissue
What does CaT scan stand for and what does it do?
Computer assisted tomography. Takes a 3D image of the brain.
What are some pros and cons of a CaT scan?
Pro- good for detecting brain tumours
Cons- static image, time consuming
What is a PET scan? ( what does it stand for, how is it conducted?)
Positron Emission Tomography.
Works by injecting radioactive isotope into blood stream and the working brain takes up this isotope.
What are some pros and cons of a PET scan ?
Pro: shows where a function is occurring
Con: short lived, slightly hazardous if frequently used and expensive
What is an MRI?
Magnetic Resonance imaging. Detects waves of hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field.
What is the main pro MRI?
Pro: high spatial acuity
What is the difference between MRI and fMRI?
MRI is the detection of hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field where as function magnetic resonance imagining captures oxygen flow in brain.
What are some pros and cons of fMRI?
Pro: good spatial resolution, structural and functional information and not hazardous (no injections or chemicals)
Con: time delay. Bad temporal resolution.
What does TMS stand for? And what is it’s method?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Electrically stimulations applied to specific areas on skull and effects are measured.
Major pro of TMS.
permits causality- x causes y.
What is the shortened abbreviation for magnetoencephalography? And what’s it’s function?
MEG - measures magnetic changes from axons firing on the skull.
What research method has the greatest temporal resolution? And why!?
MEG because axons fire so frequently and quickly therefore it can pinpoint it to milliseconds.
What is a major con of a MEG method? And why?
Horribly spatial resolution, because can’t detect where the axon is firing
What is an effective research method for measuring sleep activity ?
EEG
What is an invasive research method and are they ethical for humans?
Damaging or interfering with the brain to see effect. Not ethical in humans, generally done on rats.
What does a stereotaxic surgery involve? What is needed to perform?
Placing a recording device or stimulating device into target region.
Need at stereotaxic atlas (where) and stereotaxic device (how)
What do lesion methods involve? What are some pros and cons ?
Damaging or removing target area to observe results.
Pro- can determine what part of the brain does what
Con- may not get all of the area and therefore is rarely 100% accurate
What sense conditioning can occur after just one trial?
Taste aversion.
