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Psyc2020 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

0
Q

What are Ekman’s 6 basic emotions?

A

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise

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1
Q

What is the difference between cognition and emotion?

A

Cognition is the processing of rational thoughts

Emotion can occur during cognition

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2
Q

What emotions are involved in the pluctchik’s model?

A

Happy, sad, scared, tender, excited, angry

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3
Q

Define emotion.

A

A feeling state characterised by physiological arousal, expressive behaviours and cognitive interpretation

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4
Q

What are some signs of physiological arousal?

A

Heart rate changes
Sweating
Breathing rate changes

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5
Q

Expressive behaviours are….

A

Facial expressions, body movements and voice changes

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6
Q

What does the cognitive component of emotion entitle?

A

Beliefs, appraisals

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7
Q

According to the folk psychology paradigm of emotion…

A

After a stimulus is presented- an emotional response is elicited- and then physiological changes occur

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8
Q

According to the James- Lange theory…

A

After a stimulus is presented- physiological changes occur - then emotion is felt

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9
Q

What did James and Lange believe in of the James Lange theory ?

A

James- Physiological arousal causes emotion

Lange- physiological arousal is emotion

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10
Q

What are the 3 systems that are involved in physiological changes?

A
  1. Sympathetic system- the increase of heart rate, increases blood pressure etc
  2. Parasympathetic system- the maintenance of body systems and returning them to normal
  3. Enteric- visceral (feel sick in the stomach, butterflies)
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11
Q

What are some limitations to the James Lange theory?

A

Physiological responses don’t help specify which emotion is being felt
E.g. Might sweat when nervous, excited or fearful
We can see through paralysis and experimentation that emotion can occur without physiological responses

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12
Q

What does the facial feedback hypothesis suggest?

A

That the expression of a particular emotion puts as into the corresponding state

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13
Q

What did the pen study conducted by strack, Martin and stepper conclude?? And what theory does this support?

A

The pen study involved participants either holding a pen in their mouths with their lips closed around it, or in their mouths without their lips touching it (smile like movement). They found that participants in the open mouthed condition felt more happy. This provides support for the facial feedback hypothesis

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14
Q

How does Botox support the facial feedback hypotheses ?

A

People with Botox injections lose the ability to more their muscles in their face to signify emotion. Because of this, they claim to have less emotion and interestingly over time they lose their ability to read facial emotions and major social problems can occur.

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15
Q

What work did duchenne do?

A

Duchenne helped map which muscles were involved in the expression of different emotions.

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16
Q

What muscles occurring to duchenne are involved in smiling?

A

The zygomaticus major and the orbiculaus oculi

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17
Q

What muscles occurring to duchenne are involved in frowning?

A

Corrugator muscle

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18
Q

The saying, “ I terrible because I’m afraid” is best described by what theory?

A

Folk psychology

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19
Q

The saying, “fake it until you make it” is best described by what theory?

A

The facial feedback hypothesis

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20
Q

The saying, “I fear because I tremble” is best explained by what theory?

A

The James Lange theory

21
Q

What is cannon- bard theory on emotional processing ?

A

It says that after a stimulus - physiological changes and emotional experience occur at the same time but as separate processes

22
Q

Explain a saying/scenario that describes the cannon-bard theory?

A

The dog makes me tremble and feel afraid

23
Q

What did cannon and bard say was the pathway for the processing of information and what does each stage do?

A

Stimulus - thalamus - hypothalamus(evaluates emotional response necessary) - cortex (conscious experinece) brain stem (eliciting of emotional response)

24
Q

What system was used to elaborate on cannon and bards emotional process theory?

A

The limbic system which added the role of the hippocampus and amygalda

25
Q

Explain what fear conditioning is and how it was demonstrated in little Albert.

A

Fear conditioning is when you present a fearful stimulus with an otherwise natural thing and eventually you start eliciting the same responses for the natural thing as you would the fearful stimulus. In little Albert- a large bang (condition stimulus) was presented with furry animals (unconditioned stimulus) and little Albert began to fear furry objects

26
Q

The functions do the amygalda, cortex and hippocampus play in fear conditioning ?

A

Amygdala- plays central part in fear learning
Hippocampus- is involved in contextual learning
Cortex- plays a role in differential learning

27
Q

Explains LeDoux’s high road paradigm of emotional processes.

A

Emotional stimulus- sensory thalamus- sensory cortex- amygalda - emotional response

28
Q

Explain LeDoux’s low road emotional processing pathways.

A

Emotional stimulus- sensory thalamus- amygalda - emotional response

29
Q

When people and parts of their amygalda removed what effect did this have on fear learning?

A

People still had the physiological and emotional response to fear but did not have the anticipatory fear.

30
Q

What does the term extinction refer to in fear conditioning?

A

Extinction is the process of unattaching the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus. It is achieved by presenting the unconditioned stimulus (furry animal) alone with the conditioned stimulus (noise)

31
Q

Is extinction passive forgetting?

A

No

32
Q

What 4 things suggest that extinction is not passive forgetting?

A

Spontaneous recovery
Renewal
Reinstatement
Raid requisition

33
Q

What is spontaneous recovery ?

A

Emergence of the conditioned response after a period of time

34
Q

What is renewal ?

A

Emergence of the conditioned response in a certain context

35
Q

What is reinstatement?

A

Reinstatement of conditioned response can occur after presenting the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli together once.

36
Q

What is rapid reacquisition ?

A

Reacquisition is faster after extinction than learning

37
Q

According to the hebbian learning rule what happens at the neural level of learning processes?

A
  1. If the neurones both before and after a synapse are highly correlated (eg. Both produce excitory or inhibitory response) than the synapse will be stronger
  2. Neurons that fire together wire together
38
Q

If a neurone puts input into the pre synapse neurone and the strength of the synapse is increased what is this called ?

A

Pre-modulatory coincidence

39
Q

So how do you change these strong synapses to produce extinction ?

A
  1. Change synaptic weights to inhibition

2. Change firing of neurones nearby

40
Q

What are the role of neuromodulators? Give two examples

A

Neuromodulators regulate the firing rate of interneurons, eg dopamine and serotonin

41
Q

What is learned helplessness? What mental disease replicates this kind of thinking?

A

Learned helplessness is when you think that there is nothing that you can do to change a situation so you just keep experiencing it. Depression

42
Q

Explain the dog study of learned helplessness.

A

Dogs were put into 3 conditions. 1. Electro shock condition where dogs could stop it 2. Electro shock condition where does couldn’t stop it 3. No shock control group. dogs where then placed in a box that had an electro shock on one side of a small barrier and no shock on the other side of it. The results found that dogs who couldn’t control the shock they were given did not jump the barrier to escape the shock !

43
Q

Is learned helplessness the case in humans?

A

Sometimes but not always. Attributions play a large role in it.

44
Q

What types of helplessness correlate with the attributions of stable vs. unstable?

A

A stable type attribution means that the situation is unchanging and therefore chronic helplessness is felt.
An unstable type attribution means that the situation can be changed and therefore only acute helplessness is felt.

45
Q

What types of helplessness is correlated with global and specific attributions ?

A

When a situation is global or can be attributed to everything then a broad feeling of helplessness.
When a situation is specific or can be attributed to one particular thing than a narrow feeling of helplessness is achieved

46
Q

What types of helplessness can be attributed to internal and external factors?

A

Internal attributions are attributions that can be blamed on the self than you have low self esteem.
External attributions are attributions that can be blamed on others so you have high self esteem

47
Q

What is the progression of schatchers and signers 2 factor theory of emotion?

A

Stimulus- physiological changes- cognitive labels- emotional responses/behavioural responses

48
Q

Give an example involving the dog for schaters and signers theory.

A

I saw a dog and my body trembled, so I labelled this as fear and ran away from the dangerous situation.

49
Q

Because this 2 factor theory of

Emotion relies heavily on the evaluation of physiological responses and the situation what does this give rise to?

A

Misattributions

50
Q

Misattributions are….

A

When you suggest a physiological response is due to an incorrect emotion

51
Q

Explain the bridge experiment on Misattribution.

A

The bridge experiment is when participants were approached on either a scary or safe bridge by an attractive experimenter. Participants in the scary bridge found the experiment more attractive. Why!? Because they Misattributed their physiological response of sweaty, heart rate etc. To loooovvvveeee

Psyc2020 (11 decks)

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