Colouring Book Definitions Flashcards
What system is the brain apart of?
The Central Nervous System
What is the Autonomic Nervous System and what is it’s function?
The Autonomic Nervous System is a large division of the Peripheral Nervous System and contributes to the regulation of the body’s internal environment.
What is the function of the central nervous system and what organs are involved?
The central nervous system is the main process centre for all neural signals. It is enclosed in the brain and spinal cord.
What are the first 7 bones in the neck region of the vertebrae called?
Cervical bones
Where are dorsal roots located and what type of nerve do they carry?
The dorsal roots are located at the back of the spinal cord and contain the sensory nuerons.
What is the lower region of the vertebrae before the sacral region know as?
The lumbar region
What do parasympathetic nervous cells do and where are the projected from?
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for returning the bodies response systems back to normal after a period of threat. It projects from the brain and sacral region of the spine
What nervous system relays messages to and from the central nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system
Where is the sacral region found on the spinal cord?
The sacral region or sacrum are the last 5 bones in the veterbrae
What does the somatic nervous system do?
The somatic nervous system is responsible for motor functions and interactions with the external environment.
What is the h-shaped grey area of nervous tissue on the spinal cord?
Spinal gray matter
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for response after a threatening period by mobilising energy sources
In what order do the spinal cord regions go from top to bottom?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral
Where are the ventral roots located on the spinal cord and what do the carry?
The ventral roots are anterior to the spinal cord and carry motor neurons
What anatomical direction is the face in?
Anterior
When the brain as lesions to both sides if is said to be a what lesion?
Bilateral
A pathway from left to right sides of the brain are said to be a what pathway?
Contralateral
What plane separates the face from the back of the head?
Coronal
How is the spinal cord studied?
With a series of cross sections
The dorsal position is towards the….
Back
The top of the head is separated form the bottom of the head by a what section?
Horizontal
The bottom of the head is know as what to the top of the head?
Inferior
If a neural pathway stays on one side of the brain it is know as?
Ipsilateral
What is the lateral direction in relation to the midsagittal plane?
Away from it, to the outside of the body
The midsagittal plane is said to be what?
Medial
What plane cuts the brain in half? (Vertically)
Midsagittal plane
The back of the head in humans is what direction?
Posterior
Lengthways or vertical planes that separate ear from ear are called?
Sagittal planes
In primates the top of the head is what to the bottom of the head?
Superior
If a lesion is unilateral where is it?
On one side of the brain only
In which direction is the ventral part of the human body?
To the front, chest
What are astrocytes?
They are star shaped glial cells that have many projections on blood vessels and neurons.
What is the function of the axon?
Axons conduct neural signals to other parts of the nervous system
What occurs adjacently to the axon hillock?
Action potentials
What are the terminal endings of axon branches?
Axon buttons
What is another name for the cell body and what is it’s primary function?
Soma, metabolic centre for neuron
What is the process of neurotransmitter release called?
Exocytosis
What are the bushy fibers that branch out from the cell body?
Dendrites
What does the receptive area of the cell include?
The cell body and dendrites
What protein is activated when a neurotransmitter molecule binds to a receptor on it’s associated signal protein?
A g-protein
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus and what does it look like?
The Golgi apparatus’ primary function is to package proteins into small membrane sacs. It is a system of smooth plates membranous sacs.
What are ion channels and what passes through?
Specialised pores in the cell membrane where ca2+,na+ and k+ ions can pass through.
What receptors are associated with ion channels and when activated they typically induce rapid, brief signals in the neuron by opening or closing the ion channel.
Ionotropic receptors
Names the 3 macroglia?
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and astrocytes
What are metabotropic receptors?
Receptors that are associated with signal proteins and g- proteins. When they are activated, they produce long, slow changes in the neuron by changing the neural chemistry.
What are microglia and what are they responsible for?
Microglia are glial cells and are responsible for the cleaning of the cell
What’s the function of microtubules?
They transport large proteins to the terminal buttons for synapse
What structure provides the cell with its respiration and energy source?
Mitochondria
What gives cells there support and shape?
Neuro filaments
What are the gaps between adjacent myelinated cells called?
Nodes of ranvier
What is the function of the the nucleus?
The nucleus contains the cells genetic information
What glial cells myelinate the central nervous systems axons?
Oligodrendrocytes
On what membrane do nuerotransmitter molecules bind with there receptors on?
Post synaptic membrane
What membrane is the site for neurotransmitter release?
The presynaptic membrane
What happens when nuerotransmitter molecules are binded with there receptors?
Signals in the neuron are produced such as EPSP’s and IPSP’s
What do ribosomes do?
Produce proteins
What does the endoplasmic reticulum look like and why?
Rough plated membrous sacs because it is covered with ribosomes
What glial cells myelinate the PNS axons?
Schwann cells
What proteins snake back and forth through the membrane and conduct signals into the nueron when their associated receptors are activated?
Signal proteins
Where are nuerotransmitter molecules stored before a synapse?
Synaptic vesicles
What is saltatory conduction?
Conduction of myelinated axons
Which one is unique to humans the allocortex or the neocortex?!
The neocortex
In what lobe is the angular gyrus in?
Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe contains what two gyri?
The postcentral gyrus and the angular gyrus
What two lobes does the central fissure separate?
The frontal and parietal lobes
Why is the cerebral cortex mainly composed of white matter?
Because the axons of the nuerons aren’t myelinated
What is the difference between fissures, gyri and sulcus’?
Fissure- deep ridges in cerebral cortex
Sulcus- small ridges in cerebral cortex
Gyrus- convolutions between two adjacent fissures
Point to your front lobes
Front of skull
Where is your inferior frontal gyrus?
Bottom of frontal lobe
Where is your inferior temporal lobe?
Bottom of temporal lobe
What does the lateral fissure separate?
The frontal/ parietal and temporal lobes
Where is the middle frontal gyrus?
The middle of each frontal lobe
Where is the middle temporal gyrus?
The middle of the temporal lobe
Point to your occipital lobes
Posterior/ under section of skull
Point to your parietal lobes
Superior, posterior section of head
In what lobe is the postcentral gyrus and why is it called that?
In the parietal lobe and because it is behind (post) the central fissure
In what lobe is the precentral gyrus in and why is it called that?
It’s in the frontal lobe and it’s called that because it is before (pre) the central fissure
What type of cell are stellate cells and what do they look like?
Stellate cells are cortical nuerons that look like stars
What type of cells are pyramidal cells and what do they look like?
Pyramid shaped cortical nuerons
Where is the superior temporal gyrus?
The top of the temporal lobe
Where is the superior frontal gyrus?
The top of the frontal lobe
Point to your temporal lobes
Near temples
In what order from thalamus to rest of the body do the sensory and motor areas go in?
Thalamus- primary sensory area- secondary sensory area- association areas- secondary motor area - primary motor area - the body
Where does information go after the association area?
To the secondary motor area
where is the primary auditory cortex located?
In the the lateral fissure, on the temporal side
Where are the primary gustatory cortex located?
In the lateral fissure on the parietal side
On what side of the central fissure is the motor cortex ?
The pre- central side in the frontal lobes
Where do the primary motor areas receive their input from?
The secondary motor areas
Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
Inferior of frontal lobes.
Where do primary sensory areas receive their information from?
The thalamus
In what gryus is the somatosensory cortex located?
Post central gyrus
What cortex takes up the majority of the occipital lobes?
The primary visual cortex
What structures make up the limbic system ?
Amygalda, septum, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, mammillary bodies
What does the amygalda, putamen, caudate and globus pallidus make up?
The basal ganglia
Putamen + caudate = ?
Striatum
What pathway deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease ?
The straitum and the substantia nigra pathway
Parkinson’s deterioration of movement is due to the failure of what system?
The basal ganglia
What system is responsible for the control of emotional behaviour?
The limbic system
