Lecture Six Reading Flashcards
What is goal-directed selection?
People select parts of a stimulus based on their own goals
What is stimulus-directed selection?
People select parts of a stimulus based on the ability of different features of the stimuli to capture attention
What is the law of proximity?
People group together the nearest elements
What is the law of similarity?
People group together the most similar elements
What is the law of good continuation?
People experience lines as continuous even when they are interrupted
What is the law of closure?
People fill in small gaps to experience objects as a whole
What is the law of common fate?
People group objects together that are moving in the same direction
What is Gestalt psychology?
Psychological phenomenon can only be understood when viewed as structured wholes rather than primitive parts
What is the phi phenomenon?
Observers see only the simplest form of apparent movement between two flashing lights, viewing it as a single light moving
What is boundary extension?
People have difficulty recalling how zoomed in a photo is
What are some binocular and motion cues?
Retinal disparity
Convergence
Motion parallax
What is motion parallax?
Relative distances of objects from a viewer determine the amount of motion
What are some monocular cues?
Interposistion/occlusion
Size-distance relation
Linear perspective-parallel lines converging
Texture gradients
What is perceptual constancy?
In general, the world is perceived as invariant, constant and stable (size, shape and light)
What is size constancy?
The ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of the retinal image
What is shape constancy?
The ability to perceive the true shape of an object despite variations in the retinal image
What is light constancy?
The tendency to perceive the colours of objects as constant across changing levels of illumination
What is an illusion?
An experience of a stimulus that is incorrect but shared by others in the same perceptual environment
What is bottom up processing?
Perceptual analyses based on the sensory data available
What is top down processing?
Information from an individual’s memory and knowledge influence perception
What is phonemic restoration?
People do not notice gaps in speech when noise is overlayed
What is ambiguity?
Property of a perceptual object that may have more than one interpretation
What are the three theories of chronic pain?
Gate control theory-descending psychological messages can close or open the pain gate
Operant conditioning-avoiding pain results in negative reinforcement which can maintain pain
Cognitive behavioural model-a patient’s thoughts or feelings/coping strategies influence their perception of pain
