Lecture Eleven Reading Flashcards
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
Implicit memory requires no conscious effort to encode or recover information but explicit memory requires conscious effort
What is memory?
The mental capacity to encode, store or retrieve information
What is the difference between procedural and declarative memory?
Procedural memory refers to learning how to do things
whereas declarative memory refers to facts or figures
What is encoding?
The process by which a mental representation is stored in the brain
What is storage?
The retention of encoded material over time
What is retrieval?
The recovery of stored information from memory
What is iconic memory?
Memory system in the visual domain which allows large amounts of information to be stored for very brief durations
What is the magic number for short term memory recall?
Seven plus or minus two
What is chunking?
Grouping items together on the basis of similarity or another organising principle
What is working memory?
A memory resource that is used to accomplish tasks
What are the three aspects of working memory?
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketch pad
Central executive
What is short term memory?
A memory associated with the preservation of recent experiences and the retrieval of information from long term memory (20-30 seconds)
What is long term memory?
Memory processes associated with the preservation of information for retrieval at any later time
What is episodic memory?
A long term memory for autobiographical events and the context in which they occured
What is semantic memory?
A generic categorical memory
What is encoding specificity?
Subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if the cues received at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding (including internal body state)
What is the serial position effect?
Recall of items at the beginning and end of a list is better than for items in the middle
What is the levels of processing theory?
A theory which suggests that the deeper the level that the information was processed the more likely it is to be retained in memory
What is transfer appropriate processing?
Memory is best when the type of processing carried out at encoding transfers to the processes required at retrieval
What is priming?
Implicit memory improves when exposed to a word or situation previously
What is proactive interference?
Circumstances in which past memories make it more difficult to receive and code information
What is retroactive interference?
Circumstances where new memories make it more difficult to remember old memories
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Enriching the encoding of information to make it easier to remember
What is metamemory?
Knowledge about memory strategies
What is reconstructive memory?
Putting information together based on general types of stored knowledge in the absence of a specific memory representation
What is a flash bulb memory?
A person’s vivid memory in response to personal or public events that have great emotional significance
What are the three levels of encoding?
Structural=shallow
Phonemic=intermediate
Semantic=deep
What are the three steps to long term memory retrieval?
- Recall
- Recognition
- Reconstruction (piecing memory together from a few highlights)
What is rate of forgetting?
Fastest after initial learning
Slower for more meaningful material
What are the five reasons we forget things?
Failure to encode-not put in LTM
Decay-fade over time
Interference-confusion of similar memories
Retrieval failure-inability to find memory cue
Motivated forgetting-repression of memories
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repeating something over and over
