Lecture quiz 4/7/23 (Friday) Flashcards
What is Nutrition in a human-oriented definition?
Key term: relation to health and disease
What is Nutrition in an animal-oriented definition?
Key term: growth, milk, or fiber production AND efficiency
What are examples of fiber production?
wool
What both animal and human nutrition focus on?
Both focus on meeting nutrient requirements for growth and development
What does animal nutrition focus on?
- emphasis on productivity and minimizing feeding costs
= feeding costs is a huge part of animal production
Exemption: companion animals because we treat them like family — longevity/ disease prevention
What does human nutrition focus on?
greater emphasis on longevity and disease prevention
What is the definition of food?
- for humans
- edible material that provides nutrients and energy
What is the definition of feed?
- for animals
- refers to food but more commonly is used to designate animal food
What is the definition of foodstuff or feedstuff?
- ingredients
foodstuff (for humans) - rice
feedstuff (for animals) - corn - any material made into or used as food or feed respectively
What is the definition of diet?
- a mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
What is the definition of ration?
daily allocation of food or feed
(daily portion of food/feed)
What is the definition of nutrients?
any feed constituent or group of feed constituents of the same general composition that aids in the support of animal life
What are the 6 classes of nutrients?
- water
- carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins
- vitamins
- minerals
Do ALL animals need all the 6 classes of nutrients in their diets?
No - not all animals need to have all 6 classes
example: lions - they can survive without carbohydrates since their diets consist of protein.
: dogs and cats do not need vitamin C because they synthesize it themselve
Is energy a nutrient?
no it is a property that some nutrients possess
What are the three nutrients that provide energy?
carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Why is energy necessary for all life processes?
- no energy = we cannot live
it is needed for basal metabolic functions, growth and synthesis of new tissues, reproduction, lactation etc) - we do not eat energy = we eat the nutrients
What is the most important nutrient?
Water
Why is water the most important nutrient?
- you can lose most of body fat and even protein but losing more than 12% of your body water will be FATAL
How much water of the animal body weight at birth?
65-85% because muscles have more water than fat cells
- this is the main reason why babies are sensitive to dehydration
How much water of the animal body weight at maturity?
45-60% because we have more fat cells = less water when older
What are the functions of water in an animal?
- transportation of nutrientss and waste products
- medium for most chemical reactions (aqueous environment)
- body temperature regulation - cools body by evaporation
- lubricates and cushions joints and organs
- many other functions: participation in eyesight, hearing and etc
What are the sources of water to the animal?
- drinking water (in any form from anywhere, lake, stream, bucket or drinking fountain, etc.)
- water in feed ( even air-dry feed contains some water and some feeds contain much more)
- Metabolic water (water is formed when nutrients are metabolized) = more important in other animals like camels (they can walk for days with no water)
is there a limit for water?
NO - everyone should have free access to water
How much moisture in dry food?
about 10% moisture
Metabolic water from nutrient oxidation: 1g carbohydrate has?
0.6 ml of water
Metabolic water from nutrient oxidation: 1g protein has?
0.4 ml of water
Metabolic water from nutrient oxidation: 1g fat has?
1.1 ml of water
What is the approx water consumption in mature, non-stressed animals
2 parts of water for 1 part of feed = example 100 ml or grams of water to 50 grams of feed
swine: 2.5-5 gal/head/day
poultry: 2 parts of water for each 1 part of feed
- sheep: 1-4 gal/head/day
- cattle: 8-30 gal/head/day
- horses: 10 -14 gal/head/day
why do lactating cows drink more water?
- water goes to the milk production
= they have to produce 100lbs of milk
Milk = 90% of water
What are the deficiencies or restrictions of water?
- reduced feed consumption coupled with reduced productivity = first to occur and occurs within 24 hrss of water restriction
- weight loss = due to dehydration
- increased excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes such as Na and P
- death (within a few days with severe water restriction)
What are the practical aspects of water?
- most practical advice it to make good clean water available to animals in liberal quantities
- ensure purity and in-line with total dissolved solids recommendations
- for open water sources like sloughs or lakes = WATCH FOR BLUE GREEN ALGAE
- feed consumption is down = check water first
What is a blue-green algae?
type of bacteria that produces toxins that targets the nervous system and liver
