Lecture quiz 4/26/23 (wednesday) from lec 4/24

Question 1

What is the unit of measurement for vitamins?

Answer 1

International Units

Question 2

What is International unit?

Answer 2

standard unit potency as defined by the international conference for the unification of formulae.

Question 3

What is the unit of potency based on?

Answer 3

bioassay that produces a particular effect on agreed on internationally

Question 4

How are the other vitamins are measured?

Answer 4

mcg or mg

Question 5

What is the formula on how to get the IU units for a particular vitamin?

Answer 5

get 1 IU (this should be given depending on what is needed)
convert mg/kg to mcg
divide the value by the IU

if the problem is asking about a premix and there is two types of vitamin used, then add those two to get the whole amount of IU of the vitamin per kg in a supplement contain

Question 6

Where can we find beta-carotene (provitamin A)?

Answer 6

green leafy vegetables

Question 7

T/F: Conversion of ß- carotene to vitamin A activity by animals will differ among speciess

Answer 7

T

Question 8

What are the examples of the conversion change in different species for ß- carotene?

Answer 8

Rats and poultry - 1mg (1000mcg) bet carotene = approx. 1667 IU vitamin A
Cattle, sheep and horses - 1mg beta carotene = approx 400 IU vitamin A

!!!! Cats cannot convert beta - carotene to vitamin A
– they need the vitamin A that comes from meat

Question 9

What are vitamin supplements?

Answer 9

• can be purchased individually or mixture
• vitamin premix
• can contain both fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
• fat soluble vitamins = A,D,E, and K
• water soluble vitamin = biotin, cholin, folic acid, niacin, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), pantothenic acid, riboflavin (B2), thiamine (B1), vitamin B12 and vitamin C
• various feedstuffs are used as carriers in vitamin premixes

Question 10

what are examples of the feedstuffs used as carriers?

Answer 10

rice hulls, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, wheta middlingss

Question 11

Is it easier to mix vitamins when a carrier is added?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

is it okay to overfeed vitamins?

Answer 12

yes - bad if deficient

Question 13

what happens if layer chickens have excess vitamins in their body?

Answer 13

excess goes to the eggs

Question 14

Vitamin supplements to animals

Answer 14

Poultry and Swine
- corn soy diet = E, Thiamin, B6, biotin
- supplement = Vit A,D,E,K, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and B12

Horse
- can meet vit B requirements because they produce a large amount in the large intestine

Ruminants
- Vit C and D = can synthesize
- rumen bacteria make it B and K
- supplement Vit A and E sometimes D

vitamin D can come from sundried hay
forages = good source of vitamins

Question 15

In the feed tag, how do we know what the most abundant ingredient and least?

Answer 15

• first ingredient - most abundant
  least = last

Question 16

What are the two types of feed/food evaluation?

Answer 16

chemical and biological evaluation

Question 17

what is chemical evaluation?

Answer 17

• uses laboratory techniques to determine concentration of nutrients and energy in a feedstuff or foodsstuff

Question 18

what is biological evaluation?

Answer 18

-use of animals to measure utilization of nutrients from a given feedstuff or diet

• digestibility = usually both chem and bio are used together

Question 19

Chemical Evaluation

Answer 19

step 1 - representative sample

Selection of analytical methods
- proximate analysis
- Near- infrared spectroscopy
- Van soest detergent fiber Analysis