Lecture quiz 4/14/23 (Friday) Flashcards
What do you call solid fat?
fat
What do you call liquid fat?
oil
is fat a general term?
yes
What are fats?
fats ( glycerides) are a subclass of LIPIDS
= compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (ether)
What are the several subclasses of lipids?
glycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, etc.
What class has the greatest significance in nutrition?
Lipids
Lipid class of greatest significance in nutrition (for us) are the glycerides including mostly triglycerides, but also some diglycerides and monoglycerides
Do all glycerides have a glycerol backbone?
yes
mono - 1 fatty acid
di - 2 fatty acids
tri - 3 fatty acids that are attached (triglycerides)
what is the more formally names version of glycerides?
acyglycerols
What are known to be intermediates during the digestion of triglycerides?
- monoglycerides
- diglycerides
what does R stand for?
fatty acid
what is the nature of fat?
it depends on what fatty acids are connected to the glycerol molecule
What are fats composed of?
CHO but little oxygen in relation to carbon and hydrogen
- they are highly digestible
how much more energy does fat yield compared to carbohydrates and protein?
2.25 times more
How many carbons do feedstuff have?
16 or 18 carbons either saturated or unsaturated
what are saturated fats?
no double bond
what are unsaturated fats?
double bonds
What are the building blocks of fat?
fatty acids
what are VFAs?
VFA - volatile fatty acids = produced from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen and hindgut fermentation
Acetic acid = 2 carbons - CH3COOH
Propionic acid = 3 carbons - CH3CH2COOH
Butyric acid = 4 carbons - CH3CH2CH2COOH
What are the short-chain fatty acids?
short-chain fatty acids are digested straight into the wall of the rumen.
acetic
propionic
butyric
What is the major end product for hindgut fermentator/ ruminants?
VFA
can be produced via cellulose, hemicellulose, and simple sugars during fermentation process in the digestive track
what is an example of a long-chained unsaturated fatty acid that is not essential?
Oleic Acid (18:1)
- found in olive oil, animal fat, wagyu
What are the long-chain saturated fatty acids?
palmitic acid- 16 carbons = 16:0
stearic acid - 18 carbons = 18:0
what are examples of essential long-chained unsaturated fatty acids?
Linoleic acid - 18 carbon 2 double bonds (18:2)
Linolenic - 18 carbon 3 double bonds (18:3)
Arachidonic acid - 20 carbons 4 double bonds ( Essential only for cats) = 20:4
What do fatty acids have in a carbon chain?
methyl end and a carboxyl group in another end
What happens if there is a double bond present?
changes the shape
What happens to saturated fat in room temp?
solid
What happens to unsaturated fat in room temp?
liquid
what do we call a fatty acid if it is saturated with hydrogens?
SUFA or saturated fatty acids
what do we call fatty acids if have 1 double bond?
MUFA or monounsaturated fatty acids
what do we call fatty acids if there are 2 or more double bonds?
PUFA or polyunsaturated fatty acids
What is the difference between Omega 3 vs Omega 6 PUFA?
omega 3 - count carbons until the double bond from the methyl end
omega 6 - count carbons until the first double bond from the methyl end
this affects their health properties and bioactivity
IMPORTANT TO BE BALANCED
Omega 3 and Omega 6 can be used to make other omega 3 and 6’s. T/F
True
Why do we bother naming as omega-3 or omega -6?
because fatty acids within families have similar properties, but properties differ between families
what is the simplest form of omega 6 acid?
linoleic acid
What are the enzymes that elongate omega acids?
6-desaturase
elongase
5-desaturase
What does Omega 6 do?
- pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (eicosanoids are hormones which most have 20 carbons)
- increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood clotting, immune response, and inflammation
What does Omega 3 do?
- anti-inflammatory eicosanoids
- oppose eicosanoids of omega 6
– lowers blood pressure, heart rate, blood clotting, immune response and inflammation
to stay healthy what needs to be done?
balanced omega 3 and 6
what is the perfect balanced ratio of omega 6 to omega 3?
ideal diet = 2/1 to 4/1
western diet = 15/2 to 17/1
What is an example how to get the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3?
serving of food that has 30 grams of omega-6 fatty acids and 2 grams of omega 3
30/2 = 15 = ratio = 15:1
What are the functions of fat in animal diets?
- energy = 2.25 times as much energy as carbs or protein
- provide EFA’s
- services as a carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
In addition
dust control - 0.5-1% does a good job
improves palatability of some diets
value-added animal products
What type of feeds should contain antioxidants
feeds containing oils, especially with high amounts of PUFA
What type of antioxidants that are made commercially?
- BHA ( butylated hydroxyanisole)
- BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
do humans make long chain fatty acids?
no not very well
Value- added animal products have?
produced from hens fed diet containing ground flaxseeds (good source of the omega 3 linolenic acid)
are hens good at making long chain fatty acids?
yes
T/F: most feedstuffs contain low levels of fat, generally less than 5%?
true
T/F: Fat supplements are sometimes used to increase the energy density of animal diets.
true
What are the typical fat content of diets?
swine and poultry 5-6% (greater levels will block feeders)
ruminants 3-6%. too much fat (>6%) will reduce fiber digestion in the rumen
horse <5%
the diet of dogs and cats can vary widely in fat content (5 to 66%) if the diet is balanced for all nutrients. = typical diets are between 5-9% fat
