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NUT 115 - Dr. Vahmani Lecture > Lecture quiz 4/14/23 (Friday) > Flashcards

Lecture quiz 4/14/23 (Friday) Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call solid fat?

A

fat

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2
Q

What do you call liquid fat?

A

oil

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3
Q

is fat a general term?

A

yes

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4
Q

What are fats?

A

fats ( glycerides) are a subclass of LIPIDS
= compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (ether)

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5
Q

What are the several subclasses of lipids?

A

glycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, etc.

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6
Q

What class has the greatest significance in nutrition?

A

Lipids

Lipid class of greatest significance in nutrition (for us) are the glycerides including mostly triglycerides, but also some diglycerides and monoglycerides

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7
Q

Do all glycerides have a glycerol backbone?

A

yes
mono - 1 fatty acid
di - 2 fatty acids
tri - 3 fatty acids that are attached (triglycerides)

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8
Q

what is the more formally names version of glycerides?

A

acyglycerols

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9
Q

What are known to be intermediates during the digestion of triglycerides?

A
  • monoglycerides
  • diglycerides
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10
Q

what does R stand for?

A

fatty acid

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11
Q

what is the nature of fat?

A

it depends on what fatty acids are connected to the glycerol molecule

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12
Q

What are fats composed of?

A

CHO but little oxygen in relation to carbon and hydrogen
- they are highly digestible

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13
Q

how much more energy does fat yield compared to carbohydrates and protein?

A

2.25 times more

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14
Q

How many carbons do feedstuff have?

A

16 or 18 carbons either saturated or unsaturated

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15
Q

what are saturated fats?

A

no double bond

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16
Q

what are unsaturated fats?

A

double bonds

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17
Q

What are the building blocks of fat?

A

fatty acids

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18
Q

what are VFAs?

A

VFA - volatile fatty acids = produced from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen and hindgut fermentation

Acetic acid = 2 carbons - CH3COOH
Propionic acid = 3 carbons - CH3CH2COOH
Butyric acid = 4 carbons - CH3CH2CH2COOH

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19
Q

What are the short-chain fatty acids?

A

short-chain fatty acids are digested straight into the wall of the rumen.

acetic
propionic
butyric

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20
Q

What is the major end product for hindgut fermentator/ ruminants?

A

VFA
can be produced via cellulose, hemicellulose, and simple sugars during fermentation process in the digestive track

21
Q

what is an example of a long-chained unsaturated fatty acid that is not essential?

A

Oleic Acid (18:1)
- found in olive oil, animal fat, wagyu

22
Q

What are the long-chain saturated fatty acids?

A

palmitic acid- 16 carbons = 16:0
stearic acid - 18 carbons = 18:0

23
Q

what are examples of essential long-chained unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid - 18 carbon 2 double bonds (18:2)
Linolenic - 18 carbon 3 double bonds (18:3)
Arachidonic acid - 20 carbons 4 double bonds ( Essential only for cats) = 20:4

24
Q

What do fatty acids have in a carbon chain?

A

methyl end and a carboxyl group in another end

25
Q

What happens if there is a double bond present?

A

changes the shape

26
Q

What happens to saturated fat in room temp?

A

solid

27
Q

What happens to unsaturated fat in room temp?

A

liquid

28
Q

what do we call a fatty acid if it is saturated with hydrogens?

A

SUFA or saturated fatty acids

29
Q

what do we call fatty acids if have 1 double bond?

A

MUFA or monounsaturated fatty acids

30
Q

what do we call fatty acids if there are 2 or more double bonds?

A

PUFA or polyunsaturated fatty acids

31
Q

What is the difference between Omega 3 vs Omega 6 PUFA?

A

omega 3 - count carbons until the double bond from the methyl end
omega 6 - count carbons until the first double bond from the methyl end

this affects their health properties and bioactivity

IMPORTANT TO BE BALANCED

32
Q

Omega 3 and Omega 6 can be used to make other omega 3 and 6’s. T/F

A

True

33
Q

Why do we bother naming as omega-3 or omega -6?

A

because fatty acids within families have similar properties, but properties differ between families

34
Q

what is the simplest form of omega 6 acid?

A

linoleic acid

35
Q

What are the enzymes that elongate omega acids?

A

6-desaturase
elongase
5-desaturase

36
Q

What does Omega 6 do?

A
  • pro-inflammatory eicosanoids (eicosanoids are hormones which most have 20 carbons)
  • increase blood pressure, heart rate, blood clotting, immune response, and inflammation
37
Q

What does Omega 3 do?

A
  • anti-inflammatory eicosanoids
  • oppose eicosanoids of omega 6
    – lowers blood pressure, heart rate, blood clotting, immune response and inflammation
38
Q

to stay healthy what needs to be done?

A

balanced omega 3 and 6

39
Q

what is the perfect balanced ratio of omega 6 to omega 3?

A

ideal diet = 2/1 to 4/1
western diet = 15/2 to 17/1

40
Q

What is an example how to get the ratio of omega 6 to omega 3?

A

serving of food that has 30 grams of omega-6 fatty acids and 2 grams of omega 3
30/2 = 15 = ratio = 15:1

41
Q

What are the functions of fat in animal diets?

A
  1. energy = 2.25 times as much energy as carbs or protein
  2. provide EFA’s
  3. services as a carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

In addition
dust control - 0.5-1% does a good job
improves palatability of some diets
value-added animal products

42
Q

What type of feeds should contain antioxidants

A

feeds containing oils, especially with high amounts of PUFA

43
Q

What type of antioxidants that are made commercially?

A
  • BHA ( butylated hydroxyanisole)
  • BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene)
44
Q

do humans make long chain fatty acids?

A

no not very well

45
Q

Value- added animal products have?

A

produced from hens fed diet containing ground flaxseeds (good source of the omega 3 linolenic acid)

46
Q

are hens good at making long chain fatty acids?

A

yes

47
Q

T/F: most feedstuffs contain low levels of fat, generally less than 5%?

A

true

48
Q

T/F: Fat supplements are sometimes used to increase the energy density of animal diets.

A

true

49
Q

What are the typical fat content of diets?

A

swine and poultry 5-6% (greater levels will block feeders)
ruminants 3-6%. too much fat (>6%) will reduce fiber digestion in the rumen
horse <5%
the diet of dogs and cats can vary widely in fat content (5 to 66%) if the diet is balanced for all nutrients. = typical diets are between 5-9% fat

NUT 115 - Dr. Vahmani Lecture (16 decks)

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