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NUT 115 - Dr. Vahmani Lecture > Lecture quiz 4/10/23 (monday) > Flashcards

Lecture quiz 4/10/23 (monday) Flashcards

1
Q

What are three elements that carbohydrates are composed of?

A
  • carbon (C)
  • hydrogen (H)
  • oxygen (O)
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2
Q

Where does the word carbohydrate derive from?

A
  • Carbo = Carbon
  • Hydrate = Water H2O
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3
Q

What is ratio of C, H, and O

A

-1:2:1

example: C6H12O6

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4
Q

What is the main (function) nutritional purpose of carbohydrates?

A

supply energy

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5
Q

Where do most carbohydrates originate from?

A

plant sources

exceptions: glycogen and lactose

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6
Q

How much does CHO make up approx in a plant?

A

3/4 of the dry weight

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7
Q

Where are carbohydrates formed?

A

photosynthesis in plants

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8
Q

What is the primary source of carbohydrates in livestock feeds?

A

forages and grains

grain examples: oats, corn, barley, rice
forages example: fiber
- not suitable for those who cant digest fiber
example: ruminants/horses

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9
Q

What are the three classifications of carbohydrates?

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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10
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A
  • composed of 1 sugar molecule
  • characterized by how many carbon atoms they contain
    + most important and numerous contain 5 or 6 carbons
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11
Q

Pentose has how many carbons?

A

5

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12
Q

What are examples of pentoses?

A
  • arabinose, xylose, and ribose
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13
Q

What is the most important pentose?

A

ribose because it can be found everywhere

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14
Q

why is ribose the most important pentose?

A
  • found in every living cell
  • occurs in compounds involved in metabolism
    • ATP/ADP (energy transfer)
    • Riboflavin (B-vitamin)
    • DNA (genetic coding)
    • RNA (protein synthesis)
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15
Q

Why don’t we need ribose in our diet?

A

bodies can synthesize ribose

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16
Q

What are examples of hexose?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • mannose

*** 70% of honey is made out of fructose and semen has high levels of fructose

17
Q

What is the most important hexose?

A

Glucose

18
Q

Why is glucose the most important hexose?

A
  • the primary form of sugar used for energy
  • most complex carbohydrates contain glucose
  • major end - product of CHO digestion for nonruminants

Exception: free form of glucose can be found in blood glucose

19
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

composed of 2 monosaccharides

20
Q

what are the most important disaccharides?

A
  • sucrose (table sugar) = glucose + fructose (∂1,2 - glycosidic linkage)
  • lactose (milk sugar) = galactose + glucose (ß 1,4 - glycosidic linkage)
  • maltose (from germinating grain + need to make beer) = glucose + glucose (∂1,4 - glycosidic linkage)
21
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

sugar polymers

22
Q

What are the 5 important polysaccharides?

A

starch, glycogen, beta-glucans, cellulose and hemicellulose

23
Q

What is starch?

A

made out of repeating units of glucose connected with alpha-bonds.

24
Q

What are the 2 important forms of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

25
Q

What is amylose?

A
  • straight chain (unbranched)
  • ∂1,4 linkage only
  • 14-30% of total plant starch
  • soluble in water
26
Q

What is amylopectin?

A
  • ∂1,4 lingake with ∂1,6 linkage at branch points
  • 70-85% of total plant starch
  • not soluble in water
  • more digestible than amylose
27
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

amylose
- unbranched helical chain
- harder to digest

amylopectin
- branched chain
-more open ends
- more places to break and easily digested

*** animals are fed mostly grain + rarely fed rice

potatoes have high in starch

waxy corn and potatoes have more amykopectin
- more energy for animals
- humans do not need these

28
Q

What is glycogen (animal starch)?

A
  • found in liver and muscle
  • composed of highly branched chains of glucose (alpha linkage) which is store in animal cells (liver and muscle) for a ready supply of energy
  • limited amount
  • each glycogen granule has protein, glycogenin surrounded by branches of glucose units

** not a significant source of carbs

29
Q

What are beta-glucans?

A
  • minor polysaccharides that can be found at increased levels in barley and oat (4-5% of the dry weight)
  • chains of glucose with ß 1,4 and ß 1,3 linkages
  • absorbs water and forms a gel (once it reaches the intestines)
    = reduces rate of passage (and feed consumption)
    = reduces digestibilty of other nutrients and energy
    = may cause sticky or wet feces in pigs and poultry
30
Q

How are beta-glucans be broken down?

A

microbes in the digestive track

31
Q

What enzyme do we give swine and poultry if barley is given to eat?

A

beta-glucanase

32
Q

what is cellulose?

A
  • made out of repeating units of glucose connected with beta bonds
  • most abundant biomolecule on earth
  • comprises 25-30% of fibrous plants (high in cell walls)
  • can not be digested by mammalian or avian enzymes
  • digested by microbial enzymes
33
Q

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

A

starch = glucose connected with alpha
cellulose = glucose connected with beta

34
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta linkages

A

alpha = OH is same side
beta = OH is opposite side

35
Q

what is hemicellulose?

A
  • just about like cellulose except all of the sugar units are not just glucose
  • complex mix of glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose with beta linkages
  • principle component of plant cell walls
  • degraded only by microbial enzymes
  • hemicellulose and cellulose are 2 of the major CHO found in forages and roughage (pasture, hay, silage, straw and etc)
36
Q

what is lignin?

A

lignin is NOT A CARBOHYDRATE
- it is associated with cellulose and hemicellulose in fibrous feeds
- encases cellulose and hemicellulose to enhance rigidity of the plant cell wall
- as plants mature they become woody due to lignification
- lignification reduced digestibitly by acting as barrier to the plant CHO
- no animal or bacterial enzymes can breakdown lignin (INDIGESTIBLE)
- when fibrous feeds are analyzed for nutrients, its also important to analyze lignin

37
Q

What is the second most abundant biological material on the planet?

A

lignin because it is exceeded only by cellulose and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants

38
Q

What are components of the cell wall?

A

hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin

39
Q

Cell walls make up a large portion of the forage (T/F)

A

true it is 40-80% of the dry weight
- the amount and composition cell wall is extremely important because it greatly influences forage quality

NUT 115 - Dr. Vahmani Lecture (16 decks)

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