lecture one and two

Question 1

What is inductive reasoning

Answer 1

patterns/trends, based on observations -> generalizing (assumptions)
Specific -> General
Links several single facts together

Question 2

What is Deductive reasoning

Answer 2

starting with data/facts, definitions -> make more facts (know it will be true)
General -> Specific

Question 3

Limitations to induction

Answer 3

The number of observations must be large
Observations must be made under different conditions
Observations cannot contradict the hypothesis

Question 4

Why are general statements important?

Answer 4

allow us to make predictions. required to make natural laws, theories, hypotheses, and models.

Question 5

Doubt found in Natural Laws

Answer 5

as close as possible to absolute truth, summarizes an observed and consistent phenomenon: tells what happens. Often represented by equations

Question 6

Doubt found in Theories

Answer 6

well accepted, some doubt remains. Combine to explain related phenomenon: explains why something happens

Question 7

doubt found in hypothesis

Answer 7

still needs testing: a logical explanation that leads to testable prediction

Question 8

Model Organisms

Answer 8

simplified organisms that are easier to study, eg short reproductive cycles, etc

Question 9

Models

Answer 9

a simplified image of a general relation among different variables

Question 10

Benefits of Model Systems

Answer 10

Benefits: allows for reductionist approach to biology - looking at small scale and extrapolating to large scale

Question 11

3 points of Cell Theory

Answer 11

All living things are made of cells
Cells are the structural/functional units of life
Cells come from pre-exsisting cells

Question 12

Why is science provisional

Answer 12

science is an ongoing conversation about facts and how those facts can be linked together - even things that are widely accepted are subject to debate when new evidence is found or new tech to understand old evidence is created- nothing is ever truly known, science just provides the best idea based on the evidence available. Scientists themselves add to provisional nature -

Question 13

NASA Exobiotic Definition of life

Question 14

organization (buckets of life)

Answer 14

organization to life form from the molecular to the biosphere. Cellular level has organization

Question 15

Information (buckets of life)

Answer 15

Genetics stores in DNA, which also encode sequence for all proteins. Allows life to continue. Information is not limited to DNA

Question 16

Energy (buckets of life)

Answer 16

Chemical, solar, electrical
Energy flow from producers (autotrophs) to consumers (heterotrophs and chemotrophs)
Energy flows in 1 direction, at every metabolic pathway, some is lost as heat

Question 17

Metabolism - part of which life bucket, and what two processes make it up

Answer 17

Energy and Matter
Catabolic: reactions that break down complex molecules and release energy
Anabolic: reactions that build complex molecules from simpler components

Question 18

Interactions (buckets of life)

Answer 18

Individuals reactions have interactions with more than just their substances- interact with other cells and their environment

Question 19

Evolution (buckets of life)

Answer 19

random trail and error filtered by natural selection

Question 20

which life bucket is essential is central to the other life buckets

Answer 20

Evolution

Question 21

who set the stage and began to question views

Answer 21

1635: Galileo -earth orbits sun, not other way

Question 22

Robert Hooke

Answer 22

used primitive microscope to look at cork bark - first description of cells - considered “father of cell theory”

Question 23

Antione-Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 23

described animal and bacterial cells 9 years after Hooke, looked at “animalcules” from pond water. Built powerful microscopes and considered “father of microscopy:

Question 24

Mathias Schleiden + Theodor Schwan

Answer 24

independently concluded all living things are made of cells

Question 25

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 25

disagreed with Darwin and believed sickness was cellular. Discovered chromatin and was first to record mitosis.

Question 26

Pasteur

Answer 26

first to use sterile media in experiments, no bacterial growth - couldn’t have been spontaneously generating -needed to come from something

Question 27

describe several universal traits of life.

Answer 27

Contain DNA and cells
Follows NASA exobiotic def of life
Structure fits function