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Micro BIO 220 Part 1 > Lecture One > Flashcards

Lecture One Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology is the study of?

A

organisms too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

Microorganisms include what?

A

All prokaryotes (= pre-nucleus),Some eukaryotes (= true nucleus)

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3
Q

Microorganisms include…

Examples of prokaryotes (pre-nucleus)

A

Bacteria

Archaea

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4
Q

Microorganisms include…

Examples of Some eukaryotes (= true nucleus)

A 
Protozoa
Most Algae
Some Fungi
Helminths (parasitic worms)
-Adult forms are macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
Viruses
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5
Q

Microbiology/microorganisms DO NOT include…

A

Insects
macroscopic fungi (mushrooms) and algae (e.g. kelp)
Individual cells of macroscopic organisms

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6
Q

Microbiology also includes the study of

A

viruses

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7
Q

Viruses

A

non-cellular, non-living biological entities

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8
Q

All known organisms can be infected by

A

≥1 type of virus

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9
Q

Viruses are…

A

Protein-coated genetic elements (DNA or RNA)
Parasitic; dependent on their infected host
Connected with the evolution of microbes and humans
Smaller than cellular microbes (~20-200 nm)

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10
Q

Some aspects of microbes

make them easy to study…

A

-Many can reproduce rapidly
(often ~20 min to 2 hrs/generation)
-Can be quickly grown in large populations in the laboratory
-Great ways to observe and study evolution!

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11
Q

Others aspects make them difficult objects of study!

A
  • Can’t be seen directly
  • Microscopes and other indirect means are used to study them
  • Most microbes have yet to be grown in the lab…
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12
Q

Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea and have been on the planet for about

A

3.5 billion years

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13
Q

Eukaryotic organisms arose about

A
  1. 8 billion years ago

- eventually formed multicellular animals

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14
Q

Most of the history of life on Earth is

A

microbial!

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15
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis:

A

: Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does produce oxygen.

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16
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Evolved in bacteria ~2.5 billion years ago

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

is the major source of oxygen on Earth

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18
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis:

A

Lead to the use of oxygen for aerobic respiration

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19
Q

Photosynthetic microbes account for

A

> 50% of the Earth’s photosynthesis

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20
Q

Microbes are major forces that

A

that drive the structure and content of the soil, water, and atmosphere: Biogeochemical cycles

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21
Q

Produce gases such as CO2, N2O, and CH4 that regulate the

A

temperature of the earth

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22
Q

The enormous community of microbes in soil and sediments influence

A

weathering, mineral extraction, and soil formation

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23
Q

Bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants that

A

help them obtain nutrients and protect them against disease

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24
Q

Production and preservation of various foods:

like

A

E.g. Cheese, bread, alcohol, yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchee

Production of chemicals and antibiotics

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25
Bioremediation:
Naturally occurring or artificially introduced microbes to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants
26
Many applications of microorganisms and their products in
in genetic engineering and biotechnology
27
Human microbiome:
set of microbes that are present on a typical human
28
human Microbes outnumber
our own cells by >10-fold!
29
Recent studies indicate the human microbiome
may be involved in human health in very complex ways
30
Most microorganisms that associate with humans
cause no harm
31
Pathogens:
microbes that cause disease
32
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are
are 10 billion new infections caused every year by microbes
33
Infectious diseases are among the most common cause of
death in the U.S. and worldwide: death toll is ~13 million people/year worldwide
34
In the 1660s Robert Hooke studied?? why is her famous?
studied household objects, plants, and trees using a simple magnifying glass
35
In the late 1600’s Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch linen merchant, manufactured
simple microscopes to see threads in fabrics Also observed “wee animalcules” scraped from his and others’ teeth Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify up to 300x
36
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to?
First person to observe bacteria by looking at standing rainwater samples
37
Microbes disease, 4/10 top causes of death are microbioal which 10?
respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, Diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis
38
What is spontaneous generation?
The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life
39
abiogenesis
the now discredited theory that living organisms can arise spontaneously from inanimate matter; spontaneous generation
40
biogenesis
saying that living things only arise from others of their same kind, proven because of the discovery of microbes
41
Louis Pasteur was played an important role in microbioloy because?
- Studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages - He disapproved abiogensis
42
Pasteur’s Swan Neck Flask Experiment
Ask ??'s Slide 37
43
Ferdinand Cohn:
discovery of endospores and sterilization
44
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis
the importance of aseptic techniques and hand washing by physicians attending patients
45
Joseph Lister:
Used aseptic techniques in surgery
46
Robert Koch:
developed a series of postulates that verified Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused (Chap. 11)
47
What laid the foundation for the field of microbiology??
pure culture, the recognition that microorganisms exist and the ability to grow them in
48
Who is responsible for the Discovery of antibiotics
1928, Alexander Flemming: Allowed for better control of microbial infections More recent rise of antibiotic resistance has spurred searches for new antibiotics from environmental microbes
49
Discovery of restriction enzymes (1970’s) made what impact??
Proteins that cleave DNA at specific sequences Most are isolated from bacteria Greatly advanced molecular biology, biotechnology
50
Invention of polymerase chain reaction (1980’s) discovery allowed/enhanced??
- Allowed for amplification of specific regions of DNA | - Enhanced by an enzyme from thermophilic microbes
51
Advances in DNA sequencing (2000’s - today) made what improvements?
DNA sequencing has become much cheaper over the last 15 years This has allowed a much greater understanding of the evolution and potential functions of microbes, as well as other organisms
52
A Scientific name is a combination of?
the genus (generic) and species (specific) names
53
What does Nomenclature mean?
The assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms
54
Categories (highest to lowest) for Classification?
Domain Kingdom (not used for prokaryotes) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Strain (for Bacteria and Archaea) or subspecies
55
Taxonomy essentially combines the two:
a formal system for organizing, classifying, naming, and identifying living things
56
The Universal Web of Life started of as two kingdoms started by?
Darwin and Haeckel, plants and animals
57
standard 5 kingdom system by Robert Whittaker includes what groups?
``` Animals Plants Fungi Protists Monera ```
58
This classical 5 kingdom system | was based mostly on what?
morphological or | chemical characteristics
59
What is Monera??
``` (Bacteria and Archaea) are relatively morphologically simple and were therefore thought not to be very diverse -No distinction was made between Bacteria and Archaea SLIDE 44 ```
60
The Woese-Fox System:
Named after Carl Woese and George Fox
61
What was the The Woese-Fox System based off of? (2 Key points)
Based on analysis of gene (DNA) sequences, not e.g. morphology - Conserved small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences (SSU rRNA) - Evolution (sequence changes) in this and other conserved
62
The Woese-Fox System allowed the analysis of
Analysis of these sequences revealed that some “monera”, formed a group distinct from Bacteria: the Archaea
63
The Woese-Fox System: an entirely new system was proposed based on domains brought what three groups in the Woese-Fox 3 Domain tree of life
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
64
The Woese-Fox System of Taxonomy (what does it say about bacteria and archaea and eukaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, but they are as different from each other as either of them are from us (humans) or other Eukaryotes! The textbook mostly ignores Archaea…why?
65
• Why are helminths (complex, multicellular animals) covered under microbiology?
Helminths (parasitic worms) • Adult forms are macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
66
Electron microscopy is generally required to visualize what type of microbe? Which types can generally be visualized by light microscopy?
Images taken using electron microscopy (with false coloring), size nm, viruses Light: red blood cells ***
67
Which types of microbes were first to appear?
Cyanobacteria
68
Approximately when did Cyanobacteria first appear, and what impact did their evolution have on Earth’s atmosphere?
~2.5 billion years ago, Lead to the use of oxygen for aerobic respiration Oxygenic photosynthesis: Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does produce oxygen. Photosynthetic microbes account for >50% of the Earth’s photosynthesis
69
• What are some examples of ways in which humans make use of microbes and their products or activities?
-Microbes are major forces that drive the structure and content of the soil, water, and atmosphere: Biogeochemical cycles -Bioremediation: Naturally occurring or artificially introduced microbes to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants -Production and preservation of various foods: - E.g. Cheese, bread, alcohol, yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchee • Production of chemicals and antibiotics
70
• What is the human microbiome? How does the number of total microbial cells present in the human microbiome compare to the total number of human cells in the body?
``` set of microbes that are present on a typical human Microbes outnumber our own cells by >10- fold! -ten trillion cells in the whole body ```
71
• Do most microbes associated with humans (or plants) cause disease? Be able to interpret Table 1.1 in the textbook regarding the comparison of the number of deaths caused by microbes (infectious diseases) vs. other causes.
most cause NO harm | 4/10 causes of death are microbial (repiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, Diarrheal diesease, Tuberculosis
72
• What is the germ theory of disease? How did the ability to grow microorganisms in pure culture contribute to the germ theory of disease?
germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused ??

Micro BIO 220 Part 1 (18 decks)

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