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Micro BIO 220 Part 1 > Lecture One > Flashcards

Lecture One Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology is the study of?

A

organisms too small to be seen without magnification

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2
Q

Microorganisms include what?

A

All prokaryotes (= pre-nucleus),Some eukaryotes (= true nucleus)

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3
Q

Microorganisms include…

Examples of prokaryotes (pre-nucleus)

A

Bacteria

Archaea

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4
Q

Microorganisms include…

Examples of Some eukaryotes (= true nucleus)

A 
Protozoa
Most Algae
Some Fungi
Helminths (parasitic worms)
-Adult forms are macroscopic, but infective forms are microscopic
Viruses
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5
Q

Microbiology/microorganisms DO NOT include…

A

Insects
macroscopic fungi (mushrooms) and algae (e.g. kelp)
Individual cells of macroscopic organisms

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6
Q

Microbiology also includes the study of

A

viruses

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7
Q

Viruses

A

non-cellular, non-living biological entities

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8
Q

All known organisms can be infected by

A

≥1 type of virus

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9
Q

Viruses are…

A

Protein-coated genetic elements (DNA or RNA)
Parasitic; dependent on their infected host
Connected with the evolution of microbes and humans
Smaller than cellular microbes (~20-200 nm)

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10
Q

Some aspects of microbes

make them easy to study…

A

-Many can reproduce rapidly
(often ~20 min to 2 hrs/generation)
-Can be quickly grown in large populations in the laboratory
-Great ways to observe and study evolution!

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11
Q

Others aspects make them difficult objects of study!

A
  • Can’t be seen directly
  • Microscopes and other indirect means are used to study them
  • Most microbes have yet to be grown in the lab…
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12
Q

Prokaryotes include Bacteria and Archaea and have been on the planet for about

A

3.5 billion years

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13
Q

Eukaryotic organisms arose about

A
  1. 8 billion years ago

- eventually formed multicellular animals

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14
Q

Most of the history of life on Earth is

A

microbial!

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15
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis:

A

: Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does produce oxygen.

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16
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Evolved in bacteria ~2.5 billion years ago

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17
Q

Photosynthesis

A

is the major source of oxygen on Earth

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18
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis:

A

Lead to the use of oxygen for aerobic respiration

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19
Q

Photosynthetic microbes account for

A

> 50% of the Earth’s photosynthesis

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20
Q

Microbes are major forces that

A

that drive the structure and content of the soil, water, and atmosphere: Biogeochemical cycles

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21
Q

Produce gases such as CO2, N2O, and CH4 that regulate the

A

temperature of the earth

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22
Q

The enormous community of microbes in soil and sediments influence

A

weathering, mineral extraction, and soil formation

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23
Q

Bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants that

A

help them obtain nutrients and protect them against disease

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24
Q

Production and preservation of various foods:

like

A

E.g. Cheese, bread, alcohol, yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchee

Production of chemicals and antibiotics

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25
Q

Bioremediation:

A

Naturally occurring or artificially introduced microbes to restore stability or clean up toxic pollutants

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26
Q

Many applications of microorganisms and their products in

A

in genetic engineering and biotechnology

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27
Q

Human microbiome:

A

set of microbes that are present on a typical human

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28
Q

human Microbes outnumber

A

our own cells by >10-fold!

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29
Q

Recent studies indicate the human microbiome

A

may be involved in human health in very complex ways

30
Q

Most microorganisms that associate with humans

A

cause no harm

31
Q

Pathogens:

A

microbes that cause disease

32
Q

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are

A

are 10 billion new infections caused every year by microbes

33
Q

Infectious diseases are among the most common cause of

A

death in the U.S. and worldwide: death toll is ~13 million people/year worldwide

34
Q

In the 1660s Robert Hooke studied?? why is her famous?

A

studied household objects, plants, and trees using a simple magnifying glass

35
Q

In the late 1600’s Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch linen merchant, manufactured

A

simple microscopes to see threads in fabrics
Also observed “wee animalcules” scraped from his and others’ teeth
Constructed over 250 small microscopes that could magnify up to 300x

36
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to?

A

First person to observe bacteria by looking at standing rainwater samples

37
Q

Microbes disease, 4/10 top causes of death are microbioal which 10?

A

respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, Diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis

38
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

39
Q

abiogenesis

A

the now discredited theory that living organisms can arise spontaneously from inanimate matter; spontaneous generation

40
Q

biogenesis

A

saying that living things only arise from others of their same kind, proven because of the discovery of microbes

41
Q

Louis Pasteur was played an important role in microbioloy because?

A
  • Studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages
  • He disapproved abiogensis
42
Q

Pasteur’s Swan Neck Flask Experiment

A

Ask ??’s Slide 37

43
Q

Ferdinand Cohn:

A

discovery of endospores and sterilization

44
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

A

the importance of aseptic techniques and hand washing by physicians attending patients

45
Q

Joseph Lister:

A

Used aseptic techniques in surgery

46
Q

Robert Koch:

A

developed a series of postulates that verified Pasteur’s germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused (Chap. 11)

47
Q

What laid the foundation for the field of microbiology??

A

pure culture, the recognition that microorganisms exist and the ability to grow them in

48
Q

Who is responsible for the Discovery of antibiotics

A

1928, Alexander Flemming:
Allowed for better control of microbial infections
More recent rise of antibiotic resistance has spurred searches for new antibiotics from environmental microbes

49
Q

Discovery of restriction enzymes (1970’s) made what impact??

A

Proteins that cleave DNA at specific sequences
Most are isolated from bacteria
Greatly advanced molecular biology, biotechnology

50
Q

Invention of polymerase chain reaction (1980’s) discovery allowed/enhanced??

A
  • Allowed for amplification of specific regions of DNA

- Enhanced by an enzyme from thermophilic microbes

51
Q

Advances in DNA sequencing (2000’s - today) made what improvements?

A

DNA sequencing has become much cheaper over the last 15 years
This has allowed a much greater understanding of the evolution and potential functions of microbes, as well as other organisms

52
Q

A Scientific name is a combination of?

A

the genus (generic) and species (specific) names

53
Q

What does Nomenclature mean?

A

The assignment of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and to individual organisms

54
Q

Categories (highest to lowest) for Classification?

A

Domain

Kingdom (not used for prokaryotes)

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Strain (for Bacteria and Archaea) or subspecies

55
Q

Taxonomy essentially combines the two:

A

a formal system for organizing, classifying, naming, and identifying living things

56
Q

The Universal Web of Life started of as two kingdoms started by?

A

Darwin and Haeckel, plants and animals

57
Q

standard 5 kingdom system by Robert Whittaker includes what groups?

A 
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protists
Monera
58
Q

This classical 5 kingdom system

was based mostly on what?

A

morphological or

chemical characteristics

59
Q

What is Monera??

A 
(Bacteria and Archaea)
are relatively morphologically
simple and were therefore
thought not to be very diverse
-No distinction was made
between Bacteria and Archaea
SLIDE 44
60
Q

The Woese-Fox System:

A

Named after Carl Woese and George Fox

61
Q

What was the The Woese-Fox System based off of? (2 Key points)

A

Based on analysis of gene (DNA) sequences, not e.g. morphology

  • Conserved small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences (SSU rRNA)
  • Evolution (sequence changes) in this and other conserved
62
Q

The Woese-Fox System allowed the analysis of

A

Analysis of these sequences revealed that some “monera”, formed a group distinct from Bacteria: the Archaea

63
Q

The Woese-Fox System: an entirely new system was proposed based on domains brought what three groups in the Woese-Fox 3 Domain tree of life

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

64
Q

The Woese-Fox System of Taxonomy (what does it say about bacteria and archaea and eukaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea are both prokaryotes, but they are as different from each other as either of them are from us (humans) or other Eukaryotes!

The textbook mostly ignores Archaea…why?

65
Q

• Why are helminths (complex, multicellular animals) covered under microbiology?

A

Helminths (parasitic worms)
• Adult forms are macroscopic, but infective forms
are microscopic

66
Q

Electron microscopy is generally required to visualize what type of microbe? Which types can generally be visualized by light microscopy?

A

Images taken using electron microscopy
(with false coloring), size nm, viruses

Light: red blood cells

67
Q

Which types of microbes were first to appear?

A

Cyanobacteria

68
Q

Approximately when did Cyanobacteria first appear, and what impact did their evolution have on Earth’s atmosphere?

A

~2.5 billion years ago,
Lead to the use of oxygen for aerobic respiration
Oxygenic photosynthesis: Light-fueled conversion of carbon
dioxide to organic material that does produce oxygen.
Photosynthetic microbes account for
>50% of the Earth’s photosynthesis

69
Q

• What are some examples of ways in which humans make use of microbes and their products or activities?

A

-Microbes are major forces that drive the structure and content of
the soil, water, and atmosphere: Biogeochemical cycles

-Bioremediation: Naturally occurring or
artificially introduced microbes to restore
stability or clean up toxic pollutants

-Production and preservation of various foods:
- E.g. Cheese, bread, alcohol, yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchee
• Production of chemicals and antibiotics

70
Q

• What is the human microbiome? How does the number of total microbial cells present in the human microbiome compare to the total number of human cells in the body?

A 
set of microbes that are present on a typical human
Microbes outnumber
our own cells by >10-
fold!
-ten trillion cells in the whole body
71
Q

• Do most microbes associated with humans (or plants) cause disease? Be able to interpret Table 1.1 in the textbook regarding the comparison of the number of deaths caused by microbes (infectious diseases) vs. other causes.

A

most cause NO harm

4/10 causes of death are microbial (repiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, Diarrheal diesease, Tuberculosis

72
Q

• What is the germ theory of disease? How did the ability to grow microorganisms in pure culture contribute to the germ theory of disease?

A

germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease
it caused

??

Micro BIO 220 Part 1 (18 decks)

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