Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro BIO 220 Part 1 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

First line of defense

A

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
Limits access to the internal tissues of the body
Not considered a true immune response because it does not involve recognition of foreign substances; very general in action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Second line of defense

A

Internalized system of protective cells and fluids
Includes inflammation and phagocytosis
Acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the first line of defense has been circumvented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Third line of defense

A

Acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes (white blood cells)
The reaction with each different microbe produces unique protective substances
Provides long-term immunity (memory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most defenses?

A

overlap and are redundant in some of their effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is the survival of invading microbes unlikely or likely?

A

because of the set of defenses it is unlikely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which defenses are acquired/specific, which are innate/non specific?

A

Innate/nonspecific: first and second line of defense

acquired/specifc: third line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is included in the first line of defense?examples?

A

A surface protection composed of
anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments.
e.g. Physical barriers, chemical barriers, Genetic
components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is included in the second line of defense? examples?

A

A cellular and chemical system that comes
immediately into play if infectious agents make it
past the surface defenses.
e.g.Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobal proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is included in the third line of the defense?

A

Includes specific host defenses that mustbe developed uniquely for each microbethrough the action of specialized whiteblood cells.
e.g. active infection/passive maternal antibodies
B cells, T cells
and their effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is considered a first line of defense?

A

Barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain what the first line of defense is?

A

Inborn, nonspecific defenses can be divided into three types of barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of physical, chemical and genetic barriers???

A

Physical: Actual barriers such as skin, membranes
Movement/flushing

Chemical enzymatic:pH, lysozyme

Genetic:Mutations in components of any of these lines of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the barriers in the first line of defense do?

A

These barriers impede the entry of microbes and other foreign agents, living or non-living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What should you think of when you think of the first line of defense?

A

Think barriers or constant movement and/or flushing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is skin a barrier, give examples? and what is Stratum corneum?

A

Stratum corneum: Compacted layer of epithelial cells that are impregnated with the insoluble protein keratin.
Constant sloughing of the outer layers of skin removes microbes
Hair shaft is periodically shed and follicle cells are desquamated (outer layer is peeled off)
Flushing effect of sweat removes microbes from glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is mucus a physical barrier?

A

Mucous membranes of the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts, eye
Mucous coating impedes entry/attachment
Blinking and tear production flush the eye
Constant flow of saliva carries microbes to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the Genitourinary tract a physical barrier?

A

Protection through the continuous trickle of urine through ureters (kidney to bladder)
Periodic bladder emptying flushes urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is the respirtory tract a physical barrier?

A

because of the FLOW of mucus (fluids provide flushing action) Ciliated epithelium conveys particles trapped in mucus toward the pharynx
Coughing, sneezing expels microbes and other particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain how resident microbiota is a physical barrier?

A

Microbial antagonism against colonization by potential pathogens
Take up space, nutrients
Altering environment, e.g. acid production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

There are like 7 examples of nonspecific chemical barriers, try to name all of them and explain do ur best ily

A
  1. Secretions from sebaceous glands have an antimicrobial effect
  2. Lysozyme: an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria
  3. High lactic acid and electrolyte content of sweat
  4. Acidic pH and fatty acid content of the skin
  5. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach gives protection against microbes that are swallowed
  6. Digestive juices and bile in the intestine are destructive to microbes
  7. Vagina has a protective acidic pH maintained by normal microbiota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an lysozyme?

A

an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the definition of…. Immunology

A

The study of all features of the body’s immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does Immune system mean? what lines of defenses does it include?

A

System of the body that helps fight and protect against disease
Infectious disease as well as others (e.g. cancer)
Includes the “second and third lines of defense” mentioned earlier
Innate or non-specific immunity (rest of Chap 12)
Adaptive or specific immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a healthy, functioning immune system is responsible for ? (three points)

A

Surveillance of the body

Recognition of foreign (or malfunctioning) material

Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

• What is epidemiology?

A

Study of frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations
**Recognize that it is applied both to infectious disease and noninfectious diseases. **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is prevelance?

A

Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population
(Total cases / total people in population) x 100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is incidence?

A

Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period

new cases per unit time / Total number of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the mortality rate of a disease?

A

Number of deaths in a year due to a given disease

Reportable or notifiable diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is meant by a reportable or notifiable disease?

A

must be reported to authorities

Other diseases are reported on a voluntary basis

30
Q

Endemic:

A

An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale

31
Q

Sporadic:

A

Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals at random locales

32
Q

Epidemic:

A

When statistics indicate that the prevalence of an endemic or sporadic disease is increasing beyond what is expected for a population
Time period is not defined; can be measured in hours to years
Exact percentage of increase needed before an outbreak qualified as an epidemic is also not defined

33
Q

Pandemic:

A

Spread of an epidemic across continents

34
Q

What are three regions/areas of the body where acidic pH plays an important role in chemical defense?

A

skin, stomach, vagina

35
Q

How is recognition of self vs. non-self central to these functions? in immune systen

A

self: recognize body cells
non-self:Differentiate them from any foreign material in the body

Ability to evaluate macromolecules as self or non-self is central to the functioning of the immune system

36
Q

markers in immunology?

A

Consist mainly of proteins and/or sugars
Allow cells of the immune system to identify whether a newly discovered cell or particle poses a threat and should be marked for destruction
Non-self proteins that are not harmful are generally recognized as such

37
Q

PAMP slide 19/38

A

: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (on pathogen)

38
Q

PRR slide 19/38

A

Pathogen-recognition receptor (on leukocytes)

39
Q

Are PAMPs specific for a given species of microbe/pathogen, or are they more general?

A

..

40
Q

• What are four major body components that participate in the immune system?

A

The extracellular fluid (ECF): Fluid in spaces surrounding tissue cells
The Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
Also called the reticuloendothelial system
The bloodstream
The lymphatic system

41
Q

How do these compartments interact and function to take up and “filter” components of the MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) and extracellular fluids and return these to the circulatory system?

A

It allows cells and chemicals to diffuse or migrate from the MPS/ECF into the blood and lymphatics

Certain cells and chemicals originating in the blood can move through vessel walls into the extracellular spaces and into the lymphatic system

42
Q

Lymphatic Fluid

A

Plasmalike liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation
Formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular space and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries
Transports numerous white blood cells
Also transports fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents

43
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Similar to thin-walled blood veins
Carry lymphatic fluid
Extend into all parts of the body except CNS and some organs (bone, placenta, and thymus)
Walls are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from the circulatory system
Lymph flows from the extremities to the heart
Lymph moves only through the contraction of the skeletal muscles, not direct pumping (like blood)

44
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs
Aggregations of lymph nodes found in
The armpit (axillary nodes)
Groin (inguinal nodes)
Neck (cervical nodes)
Function to filter out materials in the lymph
Enlargement of lymph nodes can provide physicians with important clues to a patient’s condition

45
Q

Spleen

A

Found in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
Serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph
Primarily removes worn-out red blood cells
Also filters pathogens from the blood for phagocytosis by macrophages
Storehouse of blood that can be released in the event of a hemorrhage

46
Q

The Thymus:

A

Site of T-cell Maturation

Triangular organ in the neck area
Thymus cells develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells
T cells are a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) involved in specific immunity
T cells subsequently migrate to and settle in the lymph nodes and spleen

47
Q

GALT

A

Discrete bundles of lymphocytes on or just beneath the intestinal mucosa
Provides an effective first-strike potential against the constant influx of microbes in food

48
Q

• What are three types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells
Platelets
White blood cells

49
Q
  1. Of the types of leukocytes that we focused on in class, which three are considered “professional phagocytes
  2. ” and which two are mediators of specific immunity?
A

Professional: 1.Neutrophils (blood phagocytes)
Monocytes (leave blood and form…)
Macrophages and dendritic cells
2.T cell and B cell lymphocytes

50
Q

What is Phagocytosis:

THREE MAIN POINTS

A

Cornerstone of Inflammation and Specific Immunity

Survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells

Ingest and eliminate these materials

Extract immunogenic information

51
Q

• What are seven steps in the process of phagocytosis (Table 12.1

A 
Chemotaxis
Adhesion
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Phagolysosome formation
Destruction 
Excretion
52
Q

What are some examples of chemical and enzymatic mechanisms that microbial cells and other particles are degraded in the phagolysosome?

A

Lysosomes are vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals

Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome

53
Q

• What role does inflammation play in the second line of defense?

A

To mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury
To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
Destroy microbes and block their further invasion

54
Q

• What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?

A

Cytokines that mediate nonspecific immune reactions such as inflammation and phagocytosis

Cytokines that activate specific immune reactions

Vasoactive mediators (such as histamine)

Cytokines that regulate growth and activation of lymphocytes

55
Q

• What are four major stages in inflammation, and what major events occur in each?

A
  1. Injury and immediate reactions
  2. Vascular reactions
    3) Edema and pus formation
    4) Resolution and scar formation
56
Q

What role do chemokines, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation play?

A

chemokines that act as signals that attract leukocytes by chemotaxis

vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels)

vasodilation increases blood flow and allows leukocytes and other factors from the blood to migrate to the site of the injury in response to chemokines

57
Q

• What are some examples of exogenous and endogenous pyrogens? Pyrogens: substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting

A

Exogenous pyrogens: products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, vaccines, or injectable solutions

Endogenous pyrogens: Produced by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor

58
Q

What are some of the benefits of fever for the human body when fighting an infection?

A

Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms such as the poliovirus, cold viruses, some herpes viruses, and fungal pathogens
Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron
Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes
Speeds up hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions

59
Q

• What are the biological activities of interferon?

A

bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression
all three IFNs can inhibit the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects
IFN alpha and beta stimulate phagocytes
IFN gamma is the immune regulator of macrophages and T and B cells

60
Q

How does it, in general, exhibit antiviral activity (Fig 12.11)?

A

Binding of viruses and other microbes to receptors on a host cell, signals the cell to produce interferon
Interferon is not microbe-specific
Interferon is rapidly secreted by the infected or exposed cell into the extracellular space, where it binds to other neighboring host cells
Binding of interferon to the neighboring host cells induces the production of proteins in the cell that inhibit viral multiplication
Degrade viral RNA; prevent translation of viral proteins
Common response to viral infections; are important in other immune functions

61
Q

• What are four overall stages in the action of complement proteins on pathogens (leading to cell lysis)?

A

Overall stages in the “alternative” complement cascade
Initiation: C3 complement protein binds to an initiator on a foreign cell
(Not shown on right)
Amplification and cascade: C3 is cleaved, which then leads to C5 being cleaved and bound to the membrane of the foreign cell
Polymerization: C5 product becomes the site for the assembly of the membrane attack complex (C6, C7, C8, C9)
Membrane attack: C5 – C9 form the membrane attack complex that punctures pores in the cell membrane, leading to lysis

62
Q

Why is this called a “cascade”, and what is the typical result of this cascade (i.e. what structure is targeted, and what effect does complement action have on this structure)?

A

All these three pathways lead to membrane disruption (steps 2-4 below)

63
Q

• What are the specific antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin and antimicrobial peptides?

A

Lactoferrin: Found in milk and saliva
Iron-binding proteins keep available iron bound so tightly that it cannot be used by bacteria

Antimicrobial Peptides
Short proteins of 15 – 20 amino acids
Able to insert themselves into prokaryotic membranes to kill microbes
Defensin, magainins, protegrins
Also have an effect on other actions of nonspecific and specific immunity
Researchers are looking for ways antimicto turn these robial peptides into therapeutic drugs

64
Q

What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines? Interleukin-1,

A

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is made by macrophages and dendritic cells to induce fever, also activates other leukocytes

65
Q

What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?Interleukin-2

A

Interleukin-2 (IL-2): Growth factor made by T cell lymphocytes
Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte growth and activation

66
Q

What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?histamine,

A

Histamine: Made by leukocytes; causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and mucus production (inflammation and allergy)

67
Q

What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?interferon gamma

A

produced by T cells
Made by T cell lymphocytes, activates macrophages and stimulates differentiation of various leukocyets
Cytokines that activate specific immune reactions

68
Q

What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines? prostaglandins.

A

Miscellaneous inflammatory mediators
Prostaglandins: Made by most human cells that are stimulants of inflammation and pain (may cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction)

69
Q

stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it? Injury and immediate reactions

A

Vasoactive mediators cause vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels)
Various cytokines are produced, including chemokines that act as signals that attract leukocytes by chemotaxis
FIRST

70
Q

Vascular reactions

stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it?

A

SECONDBlood clot forms
Vasoconstriction is followed by opposite: vasodilation.
Vasodilation increases blood flow and allows leukocytes and other factors from the blood to migrate to the site of the injury in response to chemokines

71
Q

sEdema and pus formation stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it?

A

THIRD
Accumulation of fluid from vasodilation leads to edema (hardness, swelling)
Benefits of edema and leaky blood vessels:
Influx of fluid dilutes toxic substances
Fibrin clot can trap microbes to prevent further spread
Neutrophils aggregated at the inflamed site are involved in phagocytosing and destroying bacteria

72
Q

stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it?

A

FOURTH
Leukocytes, including macrophages progress in destroying any microbes by phagocytosis
Lympocytes help to mediate possible specific immune responses
Edema eventually subsides
Repair of damaged tissue

Micro BIO 220 Part 1 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions