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Micro BIO 220 Part 1 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry
Limits access to the internal tissues of the body
Not considered a true immune response because it does not involve recognition of foreign substances; very general in action

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2
Q

Second line of defense

A

Internalized system of protective cells and fluids
Includes inflammation and phagocytosis
Acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the first line of defense has been circumvented

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3
Q

Third line of defense

A

Acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes (white blood cells)
The reaction with each different microbe produces unique protective substances
Provides long-term immunity (memory)

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4
Q

Most defenses?

A

overlap and are redundant in some of their effects

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5
Q

Is the survival of invading microbes unlikely or likely?

A

because of the set of defenses it is unlikely

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6
Q

Which defenses are acquired/specific, which are innate/non specific?

A

Innate/nonspecific: first and second line of defense

acquired/specifc: third line of defense

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7
Q

What is included in the first line of defense?examples?

A

A surface protection composed of
anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments.
e.g. Physical barriers, chemical barriers, Genetic
components

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8
Q

What is included in the second line of defense? examples?

A

A cellular and chemical system that comes
immediately into play if infectious agents make it
past the surface defenses.
e.g.Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobal proteins

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9
Q

What is included in the third line of the defense?

A

Includes specific host defenses that mustbe developed uniquely for each microbethrough the action of specialized whiteblood cells.
e.g. active infection/passive maternal antibodies
B cells, T cells
and their effects

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10
Q

What is considered a first line of defense?

A

Barriers

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11
Q

Explain what the first line of defense is?

A

Inborn, nonspecific defenses can be divided into three types of barriers

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12
Q

Examples of physical, chemical and genetic barriers???

A

Physical: Actual barriers such as skin, membranes
Movement/flushing

Chemical enzymatic:pH, lysozyme

Genetic:Mutations in components of any of these lines of defense

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13
Q

What do the barriers in the first line of defense do?

A

These barriers impede the entry of microbes and other foreign agents, living or non-living

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14
Q

What should you think of when you think of the first line of defense?

A

Think barriers or constant movement and/or flushing

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15
Q

How is skin a barrier, give examples? and what is Stratum corneum?

A

Stratum corneum: Compacted layer of epithelial cells that are impregnated with the insoluble protein keratin.
Constant sloughing of the outer layers of skin removes microbes
Hair shaft is periodically shed and follicle cells are desquamated (outer layer is peeled off)
Flushing effect of sweat removes microbes from glands

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16
Q

How is mucus a physical barrier?

A

Mucous membranes of the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts, eye
Mucous coating impedes entry/attachment
Blinking and tear production flush the eye
Constant flow of saliva carries microbes to the stomach

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17
Q

How is the Genitourinary tract a physical barrier?

A

Protection through the continuous trickle of urine through ureters (kidney to bladder)
Periodic bladder emptying flushes urethra

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18
Q

How is the respirtory tract a physical barrier?

A

because of the FLOW of mucus (fluids provide flushing action) Ciliated epithelium conveys particles trapped in mucus toward the pharynx
Coughing, sneezing expels microbes and other particles

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19
Q

explain how resident microbiota is a physical barrier?

A

Microbial antagonism against colonization by potential pathogens
Take up space, nutrients
Altering environment, e.g. acid production

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20
Q

There are like 7 examples of nonspecific chemical barriers, try to name all of them and explain do ur best ily

A
  1. Secretions from sebaceous glands have an antimicrobial effect
  2. Lysozyme: an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria
  3. High lactic acid and electrolyte content of sweat
  4. Acidic pH and fatty acid content of the skin
  5. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach gives protection against microbes that are swallowed
  6. Digestive juices and bile in the intestine are destructive to microbes
  7. Vagina has a protective acidic pH maintained by normal microbiota
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21
Q

What is an lysozyme?

A

an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

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22
Q

what is the definition of…. Immunology

A

The study of all features of the body’s immune system

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23
Q

what does Immune system mean? what lines of defenses does it include?

A

System of the body that helps fight and protect against disease
Infectious disease as well as others (e.g. cancer)
Includes the “second and third lines of defense” mentioned earlier
Innate or non-specific immunity (rest of Chap 12)
Adaptive or specific immunity

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24
Q

what is a healthy, functioning immune system is responsible for ? (three points)

A

Surveillance of the body

Recognition of foreign (or malfunctioning) material

Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

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25
• What is epidemiology?
Study of frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined populations **Recognize that it is applied both to infectious disease and noninfectious diseases. **
26
What is prevelance?
Total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population (Total cases / total people in population) x 100%
27
What is incidence?
Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period | new cases per unit time / Total number of people
28
What is the mortality rate of a disease?
Number of deaths in a year due to a given disease | Reportable or notifiable diseases
29
What is meant by a reportable or notifiable disease?
must be reported to authorities | Other diseases are reported on a voluntary basis
30
Endemic:
An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale
31
Sporadic:
Occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals at random locales
32
Epidemic:
When statistics indicate that the prevalence of an endemic or sporadic disease is increasing beyond what is expected for a population Time period is not defined; can be measured in hours to years Exact percentage of increase needed before an outbreak qualified as an epidemic is also not defined
33
Pandemic:
Spread of an epidemic across continents
34
What are three regions/areas of the body where acidic pH plays an important role in chemical defense?
skin, stomach, vagina
35
How is recognition of self vs. non-self central to these functions? in immune systen
self: recognize body cells non-self:Differentiate them from any foreign material in the body **Ability to evaluate macromolecules as self or non-self is central to the functioning of the immune system**
36
markers in immunology?
Consist mainly of proteins and/or sugars Allow cells of the immune system to identify whether a newly discovered cell or particle poses a threat and should be marked for destruction Non-self proteins that are not harmful are generally recognized as such
37
PAMP slide 19/38
: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (on pathogen)
38
PRR slide 19/38
Pathogen-recognition receptor (on leukocytes)
39
Are PAMPs specific for a given species of microbe/pathogen, or are they more general?
..
40
• What are four major body components that participate in the immune system?
The extracellular fluid (ECF): Fluid in spaces surrounding tissue cells The Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) Also called the reticuloendothelial system The bloodstream The lymphatic system
41
How do these compartments interact and function to take up and “filter” components of the MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) and extracellular fluids and return these to the circulatory system?
It allows cells and chemicals to diffuse or migrate from the MPS/ECF into the blood and lymphatics Certain cells and chemicals originating in the blood can move through vessel walls into the extracellular spaces and into the lymphatic system
42
Lymphatic Fluid
Plasmalike liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation Formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular space and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries Transports numerous white blood cells Also transports fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents
43
Lymphatic vessels
Similar to thin-walled blood veins Carry lymphatic fluid Extend into all parts of the body except CNS and some organs (bone, placenta, and thymus) Walls are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from the circulatory system Lymph flows from the extremities to the heart Lymph moves only through the contraction of the skeletal muscles, not direct pumping (like blood)
44
Lymph Nodes
Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs Aggregations of lymph nodes found in The armpit (axillary nodes) Groin (inguinal nodes) Neck (cervical nodes) Function to filter out materials in the lymph Enlargement of lymph nodes can provide physicians with important clues to a patient’s condition
45
Spleen
Found in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity Serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph Primarily removes worn-out red blood cells Also filters pathogens from the blood for phagocytosis by macrophages Storehouse of blood that can be released in the event of a hemorrhage
46
The Thymus:
Site of T-cell Maturation Triangular organ in the neck area Thymus cells develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells T cells are a type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) involved in specific immunity T cells subsequently migrate to and settle in the lymph nodes and spleen
47
GALT
Discrete bundles of lymphocytes on or just beneath the intestinal mucosa Provides an effective first-strike potential against the constant influx of microbes in food
48
• What are three types of blood cells?
Red blood cells Platelets White blood cells
49
1. Of the types of leukocytes that we focused on in class, which three are considered “professional phagocytes 2. ” and which two are mediators of specific immunity?
Professional: 1.Neutrophils (blood phagocytes) Monocytes (leave blood and form…) Macrophages and dendritic cells 2.T cell and B cell lymphocytes
50
What is Phagocytosis: | THREE MAIN POINTS
Cornerstone of Inflammation and Specific Immunity Survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells Ingest and eliminate these materials Extract immunogenic information
51
• What are seven steps in the process of phagocytosis (Table 12.1
``` Chemotaxis Adhesion Engulfment Phagosome formation Phagolysosome formation Destruction Excretion ```
52
What are some examples of chemical and enzymatic mechanisms that microbial cells and other particles are degraded in the phagolysosome?
Lysosomes are vacuoles that contain digestive enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome
53
• What role does inflammation play in the second line of defense?
To mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances Destroy microbes and block their further invasion
54
• What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?
Cytokines that mediate nonspecific immune reactions such as inflammation and phagocytosis Cytokines that activate specific immune reactions Vasoactive mediators (such as histamine) Cytokines that regulate growth and activation of lymphocytes
55
• What are four major stages in inflammation, and what major events occur in each?
1. Injury and immediate reactions 2. Vascular reactions 3) Edema and pus formation 4) Resolution and scar formation
56
What role do chemokines, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation play?
chemokines that act as signals that attract leukocytes by chemotaxis vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels) vasodilation increases blood flow and allows leukocytes and other factors from the blood to migrate to the site of the injury in response to chemokines
57
• What are some examples of exogenous and endogenous pyrogens? Pyrogens: substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting
Exogenous pyrogens: products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, vaccines, or injectable solutions Endogenous pyrogens: Produced by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor
58
What are some of the benefits of fever for the human body when fighting an infection?
Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms such as the poliovirus, cold viruses, some herpes viruses, and fungal pathogens Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes Speeds up hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions
59
• What are the biological activities of interferon?
bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression all three IFNs can inhibit the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects IFN alpha and beta stimulate phagocytes IFN gamma is the immune regulator of macrophages and T and B cells
60
How does it, in general, exhibit antiviral activity (Fig 12.11)?
Binding of viruses and other microbes to receptors on a host cell, signals the cell to produce interferon Interferon is not microbe-specific Interferon is rapidly secreted by the infected or exposed cell into the extracellular space, where it binds to other neighboring host cells Binding of interferon to the neighboring host cells induces the production of proteins in the cell that inhibit viral multiplication Degrade viral RNA; prevent translation of viral proteins Common response to viral infections; are important in other immune functions
61
• What are four overall stages in the action of complement proteins on pathogens (leading to cell lysis)?
Overall stages in the “alternative” complement cascade Initiation: C3 complement protein binds to an initiator on a foreign cell (Not shown on right) Amplification and cascade: C3 is cleaved, which then leads to C5 being cleaved and bound to the membrane of the foreign cell Polymerization: C5 product becomes the site for the assembly of the membrane attack complex (C6, C7, C8, C9) Membrane attack: C5 – C9 form the membrane attack complex that punctures pores in the cell membrane, leading to lysis
62
Why is this called a “cascade”, and what is the typical result of this cascade (i.e. what structure is targeted, and what effect does complement action have on this structure)?
All these three pathways lead to membrane disruption (steps 2-4 below)
63
• What are the specific antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin and antimicrobial peptides?
Lactoferrin: Found in milk and saliva Iron-binding proteins keep available iron bound so tightly that it cannot be used by bacteria Antimicrobial Peptides Short proteins of 15 – 20 amino acids Able to insert themselves into prokaryotic membranes to kill microbes Defensin, magainins, protegrins Also have an effect on other actions of nonspecific and specific immunity Researchers are looking for ways antimicto turn these robial peptides into therapeutic drugs
64
What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines? Interleukin-1,
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is made by macrophages and dendritic cells to induce fever, also activates other leukocytes
65
What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?Interleukin-2
Interleukin-2 (IL-2): Growth factor made by T cell lymphocytes Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte growth and activation
66
What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?histamine,
Histamine: Made by leukocytes; causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and mucus production (inflammation and allergy)
67
What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines?interferon gamma
produced by T cells Made by T cell lymphocytes, activates macrophages and stimulates differentiation of various leukocyets Cytokines that activate specific immune reactions
68
What are the functions of the following inflammatory mediators/cytokines? prostaglandins.
Miscellaneous inflammatory mediators Prostaglandins: Made by most human cells that are stimulants of inflammation and pain (may cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction)
69
stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it? Injury and immediate reactions
Vasoactive mediators cause vasoconstriction (tightening of blood vessels) Various cytokines are produced, including chemokines that act as signals that attract leukocytes by chemotaxis FIRST
70
Vascular reactions | stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it?
SECONDBlood clot forms Vasoconstriction is followed by opposite: vasodilation. Vasodilation increases blood flow and allows leukocytes and other factors from the blood to migrate to the site of the injury in response to chemokines
71
sEdema and pus formation stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it?
THIRD Accumulation of fluid from vasodilation leads to edema (hardness, swelling) Benefits of edema and leaky blood vessels: Influx of fluid dilutes toxic substances Fibrin clot can trap microbes to prevent further spread Neutrophils aggregated at the inflamed site are involved in phagocytosing and destroying bacteria
72
stage of inflmammation- which one# what is it?
FOURTH Leukocytes, including macrophages progress in destroying any microbes by phagocytosis Lympocytes help to mediate possible specific immune responses Edema eventually subsides Repair of damaged tissue

Micro BIO 220 Part 1 (18 decks)

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