Exam 2 Most missed questions Flashcards
This method is commonly used to introduce a vector‐insert construct into a host bacterial strain, such
as E. coli, in the process of molecular cloning using recombinant DNA technology.
Transformation
Know difference between transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Know difference between transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Repeated treatment with non‐pressurized steam (at 100 °C) designed to kill vegetative cells and
promote the germination of endospores.
Tyndallization
Sterilization treatment at 121 °C under 15 psi pressure for 10‐40 minutes (20 minutes typical)
Autoclaving
Know differences between A. Autoclaving B. Batch pasteurization C. Tyndallization D. Filtration E. Lyophilization
A. Autoclaving B. Batch pasteurization C. Tyndallization D. Filtration E. Lyophilization
Know antibiotics
Methicillin B. Tetracycline C. Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) D. Polymyxins E. Ciprofloxacin
Methicillin
Targets cell wall synthesis; Useful for treating infections caused by penicillin‐degrading microbes, but
MRSA microbes are resistant to this drug.
Tetracycline
Targets protein synthesis; Effective against a wide variety of Gram‐positive and‐negative Bacteria
Sulfonamides
Targets folic acid synthesis; Useful for treating shigellosis, urinary tract infections, and some
protozoan infections.
Polymyxins
. Targets cell membranes; Useful for treating drug‐resistant Pseudomonas.
. Ciprofloxacin
Targets DNA replication and/or transcription; Useful in treating anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis.
Antibacterial drugs are often less toxic to human tissues than antiprotozoal and
antihelminthic because of the high degree of similarity between human cells and various pathogenic
bacteria.
FALSE
The “post‐antibiotic era” refers to a time in the near future when all infectious
diseases will be eliminated and there will no longer be a need for antibiotics.
FALSE
While all penicillins share a core beta‐lactam ring structure, modifications to this
structure have resulted in semisynthetic antimicrobials that affect very different targets in the cell (DNA
replication, transcription, translation, or folic acid synthesis) but do not change the spectrum or the
stability of the drug.
FALSE
Which of the following enzymes binds to a promotor and synthesizes an RNA strand from a DNA
template during transcription?
RNA polymerase
Know these parts: DNA polymerase I B. DNA polymerase III C. RNA primase D. RNA polymerase E. Transcriptional regulator
DNA polymerase I B. DNA polymerase III C. RNA primase D. RNA polymerase E. Transcriptional regulator
When two single strands of DNA form a double‐stranded DNA molecule, they do so in a(n) ________
fashion
A) antiparallel
know these parts A)antiparallel B) parallel C) conservative D) semi‐conservative
A)antiparallel
B) parallel
C) conservative
D) semi‐conservative
Which of the following methods of chemical control of microbial growth is a high‐level germicide that is capable of sterilization (if used at appropriate concentrations and exposure time)?
Treatment with halogens including iodine or chlorine
know these terms: Nosocomial infection B. Systemic infection C. Polymicrobial infection D. Acute infection E. Chronic infection
Nosocomial infection B. Systemic infection C. Polymicrobial infection D. Acute infection E. Chronic infection
All pathogens must make contact with the correct _________ before they can establish themselves
and cause disease.
A. portal of entry
- What is a nosocomial infection?
C. An infection that is resistant to all known antibiotics.
Which of the following could potentially be considered a virulence factor?
) Presence of a capsule that protects the pathogen from phagocytosis by phagocytes.
. Which of the following terms is used to describe lipopolysaccharide components of the Gram
negative outer membrane that have systemic effects (fever, inflammation) on the host, cannot be
inactivated by heating, and that are released during cell lysis?
Antiphagocytic factor
terms meaning? Endotoxin B. Exotoxin C. Exoenzyme D. Antiphagocytic factor E. None of the above
Endotoxin B. Exotoxin C. Exoenzyme D. Antiphagocytic factor E. None of the above
. What is the term for the clear areas
around discs of antibiotics A, B, D, and E
where S. aureus did not grow?
. Therapeutic indices
transformation (uptake of naked DNA,indirect
Transformation
Transduction:
DNA carried from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage
Conjugation:
Requires the attachment of two related species and the formation of a bridge from a donor to a recipient cell that can transport DNA
Phase variation B. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) C. Gel electrophoresis D. Restriction endonuclease E. DNA ligase
Phase variation B. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) C. Gel electrophoresis D. Restriction endonuclease E. DNA ligase
