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health and desease > Lecture: Neuroendocrine regulation & pituitary > Flashcards

Lecture: Neuroendocrine regulation & pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

The hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain (“stimulus”)

Relatively small structure receiving many inputs from many other areas of brain.

Secretes multiple hormones to control widespread homeostatic functions

Uses the pituitary gland as an output organ (initiates “response”) – aka hypophysis

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2
Q

posterior hypothalamic nucleus regulates

A

blood pressure, pupillary dilation
temperature control

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3
Q

dorsomedial nucleus controlls what

A

GI control

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4
Q

perifornical nucleus

A

hunger, blood pressure,
rage

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5
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A

neuroendocrine, feeding

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6
Q

posterior preoptic and anterior
hypothalamus

A

panting, sweating

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7
Q

medial preoptic area

A

bladder and cardiovascular
control

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8
Q

supraoptic nucleus

A

vasopressin/ release

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9
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

responsible for release of regulatory hormones to control pituitary gland

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10
Q

Cells in periventricular zone- Connections of the hypothalamus

A

Suprachiasmatic neurones - receive retinal innervation and synchronize circadian rhythms in the light-dark cycle
Send output to sympathetic and parasympathetic output neurones in spinal cord to control activity of ANS

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11
Q

Endocrine functions of the hypothalamus

A

2 ways
1. HYPOTHALAMUS
-Indirect via release of
regulatory hormones-ANTERIOR PITUITARY Release of regulatory hormones Release of primary hormones- Target endocrine glands

  1. HYPOTHALAMUS
    Primary hormones:Oxytocin (supraoptic nucleus), ADH (paraventricular nucleus)- POSTERIOR PITUITARY
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12
Q

Hypothalamic regulatory hormones

A

Releasing factors
CRF - corticotropin releasing factor
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone
GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone
PRF - prolactin releasing factor
Inhibiting factors
GHIH - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone
MSH-IH - melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting hormone

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Four trophic hormones
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
AdrenoCorticoTrophic Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone

Two primary hormones
Growth Hormone
PRoLactin

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14
Q

Effects of growth hormone (aka somatotrophin, somatotropin)

A

Increase cell size, number and differentiation
Stimulate protein synthesis
Stimulate fat utilization
Alter carbohydrate metabolism

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15
Q

Somatomedins/IGFs

A

Somatomedins are
small proteins produced by the liver in response to GH (insulin-like growth factors)
at least 4 produced - somatomedin C is most important
long half life (20 hrs) compared to GH (<20 mins)
Somatomedins/IGFs also act via a receptor tyrosine kinase

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16
Q

Effects of GH/somatomedins on protein synthesis

A

increase uptake, translation and transcription all cause increased protein synthesis

17
Q

growth hormones direct effect

A

Metabolic effects
Increases fat breakdown
Increases blood glucose (anti-insulin)

18
Q

Growth hormone (GH) secretion

A

Released in response to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
Release decreased by growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin)
Both released from ventromedial hypothalamus
GH is regulated by a short feedback loop
Controlled by many factors: sleep, exercise, stress
Growth hormone is a polypeptide hormone that acts at a receptor tyrosine kinase

18
Q

growthy hormones indirect effect

A

somatomedins- Growth Effects
Increase cell size, number,
differentiation
Increase protein synthesis
Increase bone growth

18
Q

Why is growth hormone important in the healthy body?

A

Deficit
Dwarfism - may be
general anterior pituitary dysfunction -
specific GH deficit
normal GH but heriditary somatomedin deficit
Accelerated aging - loss of growth hormone after adolescence
decreased protein synthesis

Excess GH
Gigantism – early life pituitary tumour
Acromegaly- pituitary tumour after adolescence

19
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis- GnRH in hypothalamus causes

A

pituitary causes LH,FH - which causes the end organ testis and ovary to produce this

20
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis- TRH in hypothalamus causes

A

pituitary causes TSH- which causes the end thyroid to produce this

21
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis- CRF in hypothalamus causes

A

pituitary causes ACTH - which causes the end organ adrenal to produce this

22
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis- GHRH and SRIF in hypothalamus causes

A

pituitary causes GH/somatotropin - which causes the end organ multiple tissues to produce this

23
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis- PRF and PIH in hypothalamus causes

A

pituitary causes Prolactin - which causes the end organ breast to produce this

24
Q

feedback control of pituitary axis

A

hypothalamus to releasing hormone to anterior pituitary to pituitary hormone to endocrine gland to hormone

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