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health and desease > Lecture: Introduction to endocrine system > Flashcards

Lecture: Introduction to endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus
contains

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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2
Q

Pineal

A

melatonin

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3
Q

Parathyroid

A

PTH

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4
Q

Pituitary
Anterior

A

ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL
FSH, LH, MSH,

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5
Q

Pituitary
posterior

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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6
Q

Thyroid

A

Thyroid
Thyroxine (T4)
Triodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

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7
Q

Thymus

A

Thymosins

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8
Q

Gonads

A

androgens (male)
Oestrogens, progesterone (female)

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9
Q

Adrenals- medulla

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline

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10
Q

endocrine glands

A

are ductless
secrete hormones into circulation

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11
Q

Adrenals
-cortex

A

Cortisol, corticosterone,
cortisone, aldosterone, androgens

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon

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13
Q

Digestive tract

A

. gastrin, CCK, secretin

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14
Q

Kidney

A

renin, erythropoietin

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15
Q

Heart

A

Atrial natruiretic peptide

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16
Q

Parathyroid

A

PTH

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17
Q

cell to cell signaling

A

Intracrine

Autocrine

Paracrine

Endocrine

Neuroendocrine

18
Q

Intracrine function

A

Intracrine signaling involves the production and action of signaling molecules within the same cell, without their release into the extracellular space or bloodstream.

19
Q

Autocrine function

A

Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell produces signaling molecules that bind to receptors on its own surface, influencing its own behavior or function.

20
Q

paracrine function

A

Paracrine signaling refers to the mode of cell communication where signaling molecules are secreted by one cell and act on neighboring cells in the local microenvironment.

21
Q

endocrine cell function

A

Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream by specialized glands, which then travel to distant target cells to regulate various physiological processes.

22
Q

neuroendocrine function

A

Neuroendocrine signaling involves the release of hormones from neurons into the bloodstream, regulating physiological processes and acting as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems.

23
Q

Endocrine functions

A

Endocrine organs release hormones that are important in four broad areas:
Reproduction

Growth and development

Maintenance of internal environment

Regulation of energy

24
Q

Hormones

A

Produced by glands and released directly into circulation

Present in low concentrations (10-7 - 10-12 M)

Bind to specific, high affinity recognition sites or receptors on/in target cells

Single hormone may have different tissue-specific effects

Single function may be regulated by different hormones

25
Q

Hormones Structures and Synthesis

A

Three major chemical classes of hormones
Amino acids/Amines
Peptides and proteins
Steroids

26
Q

Amine hormones

A

Catecholamines derived from tyrosine
adrenaline, noradrenaline

Thyroid Hormones also derived from tyrosine
thyroxine, triiodothyronine

(Indoleamines derived from tryptophan
Melatonin)

27
Q

c…… derived from tyrosine

A

Catecholamines derived from tyrosine
adrenaline, noradrenaline

28
Q

t…….. h…… also derived from tyrosine

A

Thyroid Hormones also derived from tyrosine
thyroxine, triiodothyronine

29
Q

in…… derived from trypotophan

A

Indoleamines derived from tryptophan
Melatonin)

30
Q

adrenal catecholamine synthesis

A

tyrosine- tyrosine hydroxylase- L-dopa- Dopa decarboxylase- Dopamine- (Dopamine - beta - hydroxylase)- noradrenaline- phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase - Adrenaline

31
Q

to make a thyroid hormone you need

A

an iodine molecule

32
Q

tyrosine + 1

A

mono-iodotyrosine to di-iodotyrosine

33
Q

(2+ tyrosine) + (2+ tyrosine)

A

DIT (di-iodotyrosine) x 2 = thyroxine T4

34
Q

(1 + tyrosine)+ 2+ tyrosine

A

DIT + MIT = triiodothyronine

35
Q

steroids

A

The structure common to all steroids is called a “steroid nucleus” or “steroid backbone.” It consists of three cyclohexane rings (designated as rings A, B, and C) and one cyclopentane ring (designated as ring D), fused together in a specific arrangement. This structure serves as the foundation for the diverse array of steroid hormones found in living organisms.
Steroid hormone synthesis is the process by which cells and glands in the body produce steroid hormones from cholesterol, involving multiple enzymatic reactions in various organs such as the adrenal glands, gonads, and placenta.

example
adrenal hormones
sex hormones
vitamin D ( calcitriol)

36
Q

Peptide & protein hormones

A

Peptides
Short amino acid chains e.g.
ADH (9 AA)
Oxytocin (9 AA)
Polypeptides e.g.
Insulin (135 AA)
Prolactin (198 AA)

Proteins
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Growth hormone

37
Q

Peptide & protein hormones: synthesis

A

Release by exocytosis as
prohormone or hormone into blood stream

38
Q

Hormone Receptors

A

The ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depends upon the presence of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cell.
The number of receptors for a hormone can increase (up-regulation) or decrease (down-regulation).
May be
Cell surface receptors
Intracellular receptors

39
Q

Endocrine communication

A

Messages disseminated from glands to effector via circulation
Relatively slow transfer of information
Can be long lasting
All cells contacted, specificity conferred by receptors
slow maintenance of cellular homeostasis

40
Q

Positive and negative feedback loops

A

long-loop - neuro endocrine pathway
short-loop contractions in giving birth positive feedback

41
Q

Endocrine disorders

A

Hypo-secretion
e.g. type I diabetes
Hyper-secretion
e.g. pancreatic endocrine tumour
Hypo-responsive
e.g. insulin resistant type II diabetes
Hyper-responsive
TSH receptor constitutive activation => hyperthyroidism

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