Bones, joints and cartilage

Question 1

The Musculoskeletal System - Function

Answer 1

Support
Movement
Protection
Produces blood cells
Storesminerals

Question 2

The skeleton is comprised of two main tissue types

Answer 2

Bone – compact (exterior) and trabecular (interior)
long, short (usually cuboidal), flat (slightly curved) and irregular

Cartilage – hyaline, fibro and elastic

hyaline: growth plate, joint surfaces and temporary scaffold

fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs; menisci (pads) in joint spaces

elastic: external ear, epiglottis and larynx

Question 3

Anatomy of the Skeleton (206 bones in total)

Answer 3

Appendicular skeleton:
bones of the limbs, pelvis, scapula and clavicle (126 in total)

Axial Skeleton:
bones of the skull vertebral column and ribs (80 in total)

Question 4

Classification of Bones By Shape

Answer 4

long bone
flat bine
irregular bone
short bone

Question 5

osteogenic cells

Answer 5

stem cells that develop into osteoblast

Question 6

osteoblast

Answer 6

forms bone tissue

Question 7

osteoclast

Answer 7

functions in reabsorbing, the destruction of bone matrix

Question 8

osteocytes

Answer 8

maintain bone tissue

Question 9

Bone Formation - Ossification

Answer 9

Skeleton develops from the embryonic mesenchyme
-unspecialised cells in a gel-like matrix

Intramembranous ossification
-cells aggregate insites of bone development
-mesenchymal cells migrate and form condensations
-bone forms directly within the condensation

Endochondral ossification
-a cartilage template forms
-the cartilage template is replaced by bone

Question 10

Maintenance of Adult Bone: Remodelling

Answer 10

No change in net bone mass: allows bone to adapt to changes in mechanical loading and retain its structural integrity

Question 11

Age-related Changes in Bone Mas

Answer 11

osteoclast make holes
osteroblast fill them
bone density decreases after a point

Question 12

Bone Regeneration: Fracture Healing

Answer 12

hematoma formulation:
blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma

callus formation:
the internal callus forms between the end of the bones and the external callus forms a collar abound the break

callus ossification:
woven, spongey bone replaces the internal and external calluses

bone remodeling :
compact bone replaces woven bone and part of the internal callus is removed restoring the medullary cavity

Question 13

Joints (no, not that sort!)

Answer 13

Occur at the joins between two or more bones

Question 14

Classified according to the range of motion they exhibit and the types of tissue that holds the bone together

Answer 14

synovial joints, fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints

Question 15

There are six subtypes of synovial joint

Answer 15

planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Question 16

The largest and most important class are

Answer 16

synovial joints are diarthroses (allow free movement)

Question 17

Structure of a Synovial Joint

Answer 17

Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid in the joint cavity
Bonesconnected by ligaments
Musclesattached to bone by tendons
Articular capsuleinnervated by nerves but lacks blood vessels
Nutrientsprovided by diffusion from the synovial fluid