into to immunology

Question 1

Subsets of the Immune System

Answer 1

Innate immunity: non-specific
Acquired/adaptive immunity: specific

Question 2

Innate Immunity

Answer 2

Also called natural immunity
Non-specific defense mechanism
Initial response of the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection
Fast response (minutes to hours

non-specific
antigen independent
max response in a few hours

Question 3

Physical & Chemical Barriers

Answer 3

Skin, hair, cilia
Mucus membranes
Tears
Mucus and chemical secretions
Digestive enzymes in mouth
Stomach acid
Blood brain barrier

Question 4

Cellular Components of Innate Immunity

Answer 4

Macrophages,neutrophils,mast cells
Involved in removal of pathogens (by phagocytosis)
Natural killer (NK) cells
Eliminate infected or abnormal hostcells
Dendritic cells
Direct microbicidal activity
Secrete chemicals that can recruit and activate other immune cells

Question 5

Inflammation

Answer 5

When physical barriers are breached, or infection occurs, innate immunity triggers inflammatory responses
Helps eliminate pathogens andpromotes tissue repair
Release of signalling molecules, including cytokines and chemokines
Recruits immune cells to the site of infection
Associated with heat, pain redness and swelling

Question 6

The Complement System

Answer 6

Over 30 different plasma proteins
Produced in the liver but circulating in the blood
Help destroy pathogens
Immune cell activation
Clearance of immune complexes
Activated through different pathways
Bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

Question 7

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 7

Also called acquired immunity
Specific and targeted defense mechanism
Initiated when innate response fails to clear pathogen
Detect specific proteins (antigens) on the pathogen
Adapts to recognize and remember specific pathogens
Provides long lasting protection
Slowresponse (days to weeks)
Consists of 2 branches
cellular immunity
humoral immunity

specific
antigen dependent
max response in days
immunologic memory develops

Question 8

Cell Mediated

Answer 8

Dendritic cells present antigen to T cells to trigger a response or antigen
Different types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill infected or abnormal cells
Helper T cells assist B cells in antibody production andactivate other immunecells
Regulatory T cells help maintain immune balance and prevent excessive responses
Memory T cellretains a “memory” of previously encountered pathogens, enabling a faster and more effective immune response upon re-exposure

Question 9

Humoral

Answer 9

Involves B cells
B cells produce antibodies in response to antigens
Antibodies are proteins that neutralize pathogens, mark them for destruction by phagocytes, or trigger other immune responses

Question 10

basophils

Answer 10

releases histamines and other molecules involved in inflammation

Question 11

eosinophills

Answer 11

kill antibody-coated parasites

Question 12

neutrophiles

Answer 12

simulate inflammation

Question 13

mast cells

Answer 13

release histamines

Question 14

monocytes

Answer 14

develop into macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 15

macrophages

Answer 15

antigen presentation

Question 16

dendritic cells

Answer 16

presents antigens to T cell

Question 17

b lymphocytes

Answer 17

differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells

Question 18

t lymphocytes

Answer 18

kill pathogen-infected cells: regulate activates of other white blood cells

Question 19

Natural killer cells

Answer 19

Attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells

Question 20

Immunization vs Vaccination

Answer 20

Immunization
Immunesystemstimulated tomount an immuneresponse against specificpathogens
Can occur through naturalinfection or through administration of vaccines
Vaccination
Specific form of immunization
Produceimmunity to a specific disease
Vaccines contain weakened, killed or parts of pathogens
Trigger an immune response
Remembersand eliminates the pathogen when re-exposed

Question 21

Vaccination

Answer 21

Introduction of antigens
Immune response activated
Memory formation
Protection against disease

Live attenuated vaccine eg. MMR
Inactivated or killed vaccines eg.hepatitis A
Subunit, recombinant or conjugates vaccines eg. HPV
mRNA vaccines eg. COVID-19

Question 22

allergy

Answer 22

Overreaction of the immune system to a normally harmless substance (allergens) eg.pollen,animal dander, dust,peanuts, shellfish, latex, medicines
Encountered through inhalation, ingestion, contact with the skin
Symptoms include:
Itching
Sneezing
Rash
Anaphylactic shock – life threatening allergic reaction

Question 23

Autoimmunity

Answer 23

Immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues
Genetic predisposition
Environmental factors may trigger or exacerbate autoimmune responses.
Autoimmune diseases include:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis
Diabetes
Multiple sclerosis