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EXCI 455 > LECTURE FOUR: Physiological Aspects of Aging > Flashcards

LECTURE FOUR: Physiological Aspects of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Though physiological decline is in many ways inevitable, what CAN be controlled?

A

The rate and extent of decline are partially controllable.

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2
Q

What are some important functional changes associated with aging (9)?

A

INCREASE IN:
- body fat –> decrease in glucose tolerance–> increase type II diabetes

DECREASES IN:
- oxygen transport (loss of 5 ml/kg/min per decade between the ages of 25-65)

  • peak muscle force (25% between age 40- 65 )
  • lean tissue (25% between age 40- 65 )
  • balance, reaction speed, movement time
  • function of the special senses (Vision, Smell, Hearing, Taste)
  • memory
  • flexibility (loss of 7% per decade in OA)
  • bone calcium –> deterioration of bone matrix
    (starts at 25, accelerates for 5 postmenopausal years in women (loss of 10-15% BMD in 5 years or 2-3% a year. ))
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3
Q

Between 25 and 65 years of age, how much does O2 transport decline PER DECADE? (mL/kg/min)

A

5 ml/kg/min per decade.

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4
Q

As a person ages body fat increases. How does this affect a person’s glucose tolerance and predisposition for what metabolic disease?

A

Body fat increases, glucose tolerance decreases and there is an increased risk for Type II diabetes

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5
Q

Between the ages of 40 and 65, when sedentary, what percentage of a person’s MUSCLE FORCE and/or LEAN TISSUE decreases?

(per year, and altogether)

A

1% per year, 25% decrease in peak muscle force and 25% decrease in lean tissue.

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6
Q

How long can regular PA delay normal aging process?

A

By 10 – 20 years

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7
Q

What is the average decline per decade (%) in VO2max occurring from age 25 – 65?

A

An average decline of about 10% per decade in VO2 max occurs from age 25 – 65

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8
Q

Can trained OA’s maintain VO2 max in the range of YA’s up to an old age?

A

YES , they can.

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9
Q

What are three factors responsible for decrease in AEROBIC CAPACITY?

A
  1. Reduced Max cardiac output (1%/year between 35 and 65 years of age)
  2. Reduced maximal heart rate decrease of 5 to 10 beats / decade
  3. Reduced stroke volume

CO= SV* HR

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10
Q

What can happen if the intensity of the physical activity overtaxes an OA with lower aerobic capabilities?

A

If the intensity is too much, it can place enormous strain on the heart and lead to serious signs and symptoms: DIZZINESS, CRAMPS, CHEST PAIN

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11
Q

What is the minimal VO2 for independent living at age 85 in sedentary women and in men?

A

Women 15 ml/kg/min
Men 18 ml/kg/min
So the Minimum is 15-18 ml/kg/min

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12
Q

Why is it so important for older adults to have a proper warm-up and cool down routine?

A

To DECREASE the risk of abnormal cardiac responses to sudden changes in cardiovascular function (Autonomic NS is slower )

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13
Q

An aging heart is more prone to _____________ ______________.(i.e. dangerously rapid and erratic heart rhythm)

A

An aging heart is more prone to VENTRICULAR FIBRILATION i.e. dangerously rapid and erratic heart rhythm)

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14
Q

What signs and symptoms might an OA with heart disease experience at the beginning of exercise? (due to insufficient cardiac blood supply)

A

Chest pain and shortness of breath at BEGINNING OF EXERCISE.

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15
Q 
In untrained older adults, early fatigue occurs with an intensity of:
A.	60-70%
B.	60-75%
C.	70-75%
D.	65-80%
A

70-75%

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16
Q

Resting heart rate ____________ with age in OA
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains largely unchanged

A

ANS: C Remains largely unchanged

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17
Q

Aging leads to a __(increase / decrease)__of autonomic regulation of the heart regardless of level of PA. This also __(increase / decrease)__the ability of the heart to __(increase / decrease)__contractions during sub and max exercise.

A

ANS: Aging leads to a DECREASE of autonomic regulation of the heart regardless of level of PA. This also DECREASES the ability of the heart INCREASE contractions during sub and max exercise.

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18
Q

What can reductions in parasympathetic activity do to HR and BP?

A

Reductions in parasympathetic activity can lead to heart rate and blood pressure VARIABILITY , potentially dangerous RAPID HR and sudden cardiac death.

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19
Q

What are the effects of beta blockers on the heart rate?

A

Beta blockers can lower the heart rate by up to 30 bpm.

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20
Q

What is the preferred method of monitoring exertion to prevent cheating?

A

Talk test / sing a song

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21
Q

What happens to resting and exercise blood pressure with age?

A

Both resting and exercise blood pressure increase with age. (arterial stiffness)

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22
Q

High BP does what to the hearts work rate and oxygen needs?

A

High blood pressure will increase the hearts WORK RATE and OXYGEN NEEDS

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23
Q

What is the preferred mode of exercise to decrease blood pressure?

A

Dynamic aerobic training is the preferred method of exercise to decrease blood pressure.

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24
Q

What is the target intensity range for each of the following to decrease a person’s BP:

  • VO2 max (%)
  • maxHR (%)
  • RPE
A
  • 40-70% VO2max
  • 55-80% of maxHR
  • 12-15 RPE (somewhat hard to hard)
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25
Q

What threshold blood pressure value contraindicates exercise?

A

At 200/115 mmHg

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26
Q

Scenario:
An OA has high BP, is not active and/ or has pain.

Question:
Exercising at what duration & frequency (daily and weekly) can help reduce their BP?

A

10 minutes at a time, x3 /day , 3-5 days / week can help decrease BP

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27
Q

According to FITT, what are the exercise recommendations for decreasing Blood pressure?

A

30 – 60 minutes a day, 3-5x a week at 55-80% maxHR / 40-70% VO2max / 12-15 RPE

28
Q

What are some hemodynamic benefits of cardiovascular exercise in OA ( 5)?

A

DECREASE:

  1. Resting HR (no change in HRmax)
  2. SBP and DBP

INCREASE

  1. Total blood volume and tone of peripheral veins, which reduce vascular resistance
  2. Stroke Volume (which maintains CO)
  3. HDL cholesterol (good)
29
Q

Decreases in which 3 pulmonary measures occur between the ages of 30 and 70?

A

DECREASES in….

  1. Vital capacity (VC) (up to 50%)
  2. max. voluntary ventilation (MVV) (up to 50%)
  3. efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs
30
Q

What is Vital capacity (VC)?

A

Maximal volume of air that a person can exhale after max inspiration

31
Q

What is maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)?

A

The maximal volume of air breathed in per minute

32
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms underlying age-related declines in vital capacity and maximal voluntary ventilation?

A
  1. Decrease respiratory muscle strength

2. Increase chest wall stiffness and small airway closure

33
Q

Can PA prevent the age-related decline in Vital capacity and maximal voluntary ventilation?

If so, what intensity? Until what age?

A

The effect of MODERATE TO HIGH INTENSITY PA may PREVENT this age-related decline until about age 60

34
Q 
As we get older, the strength of our muscle contractions decreases most in which phase?
A.	Isometric
B.	Concentric
C.	Eccentric
D.	No Difference.
A

ANS: B

CONCENTRIC

35
Q

What are some FACTORS in age related changes in muscle function (5)?

Which is the most impactful?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Disease
  3. Diet
  4. Stress
  5. PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
36
Q

With aging comes decreases in many facets of muscle function (name 4), and decreased ____ _____ activity in the _________ of muscle cells?

A

1) Decreases in muscle….
- mass (Sarcopenia)
- strength
- power
- endurance

2) Decreased AEROBIC ENZYME activity in the MITOCHONDRIA of muscle cells!

37
Q

What are the 2 criteria for sarcopenia?

A
  1. Low muscle mass (atrophy): 2 SD BELOW that mean measured in young adults
  2. Low gait speed: walking speed below 0.8 m/s (normal = 1-1.2 m/s)
38
Q

Sarcopenia is usually characterized by what 2 losses?

A

Losses in:

  • MUSCLE MASS
  • STRENGTH
39
Q

Sarcopenia, an age – related condition characterized by the loss of both lean muscle mass and strength and associated with a decline in functional physical performance can contribute to what (3)?

A
  • Physical difficulty/disability
  • Poor quality of life
  • DEATH
40
Q

Are the features of sarcopenia similar to what is seen in younger people?

A

The features of sarcopenia are similar to what is seen in younger people with muscle disuse or malnutrition

41
Q

What gender does Sarcopenia affect more , if any?

A

Women more than men are affected by sarcopenia – it is considered a major health problem

42
Q

Age related sarcopenia is a mixture of both muscle __________ and a loss of _________ function.

A

ANS:

Age related Sarcopenia is a mixture both muscle ATROPHY, and a loss of MOTOR function.

43
Q

After 30 years of age, muscle atrophy proceeds at a rate of _____% per year

A

1% per year

44
Q

Which 4 factors underly muscle atrophy?

2 lifestyle, 2 systemic

A
  • Lack of physical activity
  • Poor calorie and protein intake
  • Decline in anabolic hormones
  • Increase in inflammatory cytokines
45
Q

Atrophy was once blamed for reduced muscle strength; however, we now know that there are many factors that can be attributed to a decline in muscle strength:

Changes in the connectivity between the (___) and (_______), resulting in physiological decreases in… (3)?

A

Changes in connectivity of CNS and skeletal muscle

Decreases in….

o Muscle fiber innervation
o motor unit firing
o blood flow to muscle

46
Q

Clinical assessments of which three areas are used to diagnose sarcopenia?

(give examples of each)

A

Assessment of:

  1. PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE
    a. Gait speed, chair rise time etc.…
  2. MUSCLE MASS
    a. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
    b. Computed Tomography (CT)
    c. Magnetic Resonance
    Imaging (MRI)
  3. MUSCLE STRENGTH
    a. Hand grip dynamometry
47
Q

What therapies are used to slow progression of sarcopenia (3)?

A
  • Physical exercise
  • Nutritional interventions
  • Pharmacological approaches
48
Q

Why is sarcopenia on the rise?

A

Because people are living longer

49
Q

How would you expect sarcopenia to affect…

  • Blood pressure
  • insulin sensitivity
  • aerobic capacity
  • bone density
  • metabolic rate
A
  • INCREASED Blood pressure – due to arterial stiffness
  • DECREASED insulin sensitivity – due to increase in FAT MASS
  • DECREASED aerobic capacity
  • DECREASED bone density
  • DECREASED metabolic rate
50
Q

Which type fibers are considered slow contracting and slow fatigue? Which are considered fast contracting and quick to fatigue? And which would be the first to atrophy in OAs?

A

Type I = SLOW contracting and SLOW fatigue

Type II = FAST contracting and QUICK TO fatigue

TYPE II fibers are the first to atrophy in older adults

51
Q

Type _____ fibers are the first to atrophy in older adults: __ - __ % decrease in NUMBER and SIZE.

These muscle fibres are typically described as _____.

A

Type II fibres are the first to atrophy in older adults:
25 - 50 % decrease in number and size.

These muscle fibres are typically described as SHRINKING.

52
Q

Where are Type II fibers found in higher concentrations?

A

Type II fibers are in high concentrations in the back and thighs.

53
Q

How is power defined?

A

The rate at which work is performed.

POWER = WORK / TIME

54
Q

“The ability to develop ______ ______ diminishes with age to an even greater extent than ______. ________”

A

“The ability to develop MUSCLE POWER diminishes with age to an even greater extent than MUSCLE STRENGTH”

55
Q

What are some ADL’s in which power is considered important (7)?

A
  • Bathing
  • Cooking
  • Dressing
  • Fast walking
  • Climbing the stairs
  • Recovering from tripping
  • Rising from a seated position
56
Q

What fraction of sedentary, typical 70-year-old North American males:

  • Cannot climb 1 set of stairs without stopping?
  • Has difficulty lifting 10 lb bag?
  • Has difficulty walking several blocks?
A

Cannot climb 1 set of stairs without stopping?
- 1/4

Has difficulty lifting 10 lb bag?
- 1/3

Has difficulty walking several blocks?
- 1/3

57
Q

What are causes of the decrease in muscle power in OA (3)?

A
  • Decreased habitual physical activity
  • Atrophy of type 2 muscle fibers (size)
  • Decrease in the number of motor units (especially type 2 fibers)
58
Q

“Limitation of ____ movement and some degenerative changes in the ______- _____ system are the natural consequences of aging and prolonged _____ ____”

A

“Limitation of JOINT movement and some degenerative changes in the MUSCULOSKELETAL system are the natural consequences of aging and prolonged PHYSICAL INACTIVITY”

59
Q

Between the ages of 30-70 years, what % of flexibility is lost? (depending on the joint examined)

A

30-70% loss of flexibility between the ages of 30-70 years old

60
Q

What symptom commonly accelerates the loss of flexibility and why?

A

PAIN can accelerate the loss of flexibility.

Why? Because mobility is often decreased due to pain, causing rigidity and lost opportunities to stretch.

61
Q

List 3 ADLS that are impacted by a decrease in flexibility in OAs?

What does this increase the risk of (2)?

A

Decreased flexibility hinders performance of ADL’s such as;

  • CLIMBING STAIRS
  • Dressing without assistance
  • Getting in and out of a bath or a car etc.

Increases the risk of….

  • injury to the joint (or muscles crossing the joint)
  • falls from loss of balance
62
Q

Disorders of the ___________ are the most common causes of disability in adults over the age of 65.

Give 3 examples.

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • Parkinson’s
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Stroke
63
Q

In normal aging, slow and continuous change in cognition, motor function, and special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell) are inevitable.

What 2 lifestyle modifications CAN influence this progression?

hint! Not PA related

A
  • Nutritional status

- continued intellectual, sensory and motor stimulation

64
Q

What are some changes in cognition in OA’s (especially after 70) (4)?

A
  • Short-term, or recent memory loss
  • Slower information -processing speed, especially at points of decision making (ex: driving)
  • Cognitive performance declines, especially when attention is divided (ex: multi-tasking)
  • Slower reaction time
65
Q

Is long term memory or short-term memory changed or unchanged in OA’s and how?

A

Long term memory tends to go unchanged while short term memory tends to slow down.

66
Q

What kind of an affect can changes in cognition and or memory loss have on a person?

A

Can directly affect the ability of OA to live independently

67
Q

What is a common expression for memory loss?

A

Senior moment

EXCI 455 (13 decks)

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