LECTURE Excitotoxicity Flashcards
Which of the following is produced almost exclusively in the midline raphe nuclei?
A. Dopamine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Histamine E. Serotonin
E. Serotonin
A patient develops an auto-immune disorder that causes the destruction of neurons that release histamine as their neurotransmitter. What part of the brain was damaged in this disorder?
A. The Locus Coeruleus
B. The Raphe nuclei
C. The Substantia Nigra pars compacta
D. The Tuberomammillary nucleus
D. The Tuberomammillary nucleus
What is the correct order of neurotransmitter production in neurons who make neurotransmitters based on the amino acid tyrosine?
A. Dopamine – Epinephrine – Norepinephrine
B. Dopamine – Norepinephrine – Epinephrine
C. Epinephrine – Dopamine – Norepinephrine
D. Epinephrine – Norepinephrine – Dopamine
E. Norepinephrine – Dopamine – Epinephrine
F. Norepinephrine – Epinephrine – Dopamine
B. Dopamine – Norepinephrine – Epinephrine
***Use L-Dopa because it can get past BBB
Which of the following neurotransmitters is derived from tryptophan?
A. Dopamine B. Epinephrine C. Histamine D. Norepinephrine E. Serotonin
E. Serotonin
Dr. Karius is studying NMDA receptors, so she stimulates the neurons in culture with NMDA. Shockingly, she is unable to record an epsp after the stimulation. What does she need to add in order to elicit an epsp?
A. Glycine B. Glutamate C. Mg++ D. PCP E. Valium (a benzodiazepine)
A. Glycine – because it is a co-agonist required for NMDA receptors
B. Glutamate – because it is an EAA which is required to depolarize the Non-NMDA receptor to get the Mg++ out of the NMDA receptor.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is believed to have a large number of extra-synaptic receptors in the brain?
A. Acetylcholine B. Dopamine C. GABA D. Glutamate E. Histamine
C. GABA
***On locations outside of synapse - important for general anesthetics because they hyperpolarize all neurons and make you go to sleep
Activation of which opiate receptor is associated with analgesia alone?
A. Mu receptors
B. Delta receptors
C. Kappa receptors
B. Delta receptors
Dr. Karius is developing a research program to investigate the role of the CB1 receptor in neuroprotection, but she wishes to avoid the legal implications of using the “traditional” agonist for these receptors. What endogenous substance could she use to produce the same effects?
A. AMPA B. Anandamide C. Aspartate D. CBD (cannabidiol) E. Dynorphin F. Nociceptin
B. Anandamide
Student Dr. Seuss, like most medical students, is chronically sleep deprived. Sadly, that means that he fell asleep while listening to Dr. Karius drone on about neurotransmitters. Which of the following neurotransmitter/receptor pairs was activated to make him fall asleep?
A. Adenosine/P1 B. ATP/P2X C. Glutamate/AMPA D. Histamine/H1 E. Leu-enkephlin/Mu-opiate receptor
A. Adenosine/P1
Activation of which of the following receptors is directly associated with the influx of Calcium into the post-synaptic neuron?
A. Glycine B. Nicotinic Cholinergic C. Muscarinic Cholinergic D. NMDA E. AMPA F. GABA-A G. GABA-B
D. NMDA
What are the three things that are vital to our normal brain function?
- EAA neurotransmitter system
- Calcium
- Oxygen
T/F. Over-stimulation of the EAA system occurs after ischemia in the brain and is responsible for damage to neurons whether or not they were exposed to the ischemia.
True
Substantial evidence for involvement of over-stimulation of the EAA system occurs in which situations?
Strokes Global hypoxia or anoxia Traumatic injury to brain Hypoglycemia Epilepsy
***Anything that impairs our ability to maintain ATP in neurons!
For example, in a stroke, it starts with a localized event and an immediate loss of blood flow. Within 4 minutes, ________ levels drop to zero near the mitochondria and ATP production ceases. This drop in ATP causes the _________ activity to drop quickly as well. This in turn causes the depolarization of the neuronal cell membrane.
Oxygen
Na/K ATPase
In a stroke, remember the resting Vm was the equivalent of pushing the ball up the hill (requires ATP). The action potential was the equivalent of the ball rolling down the hill. As the neurons depolarize, they reach threshold and the voltage-gated ________ channels open leading to action potentials.
Sodium
