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NE Exam 2 > Histology of CNS > Flashcards

Histology of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

A typical neuron has a cell body with a large nucleus with a well-developed nucleolus and _______ _______.

A

Nissl bodies

***These contain RER and free ribosomes

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2
Q

In a typical neuron, numerous dendrites extend from the perikaryon (cell body with nucleus). There is extensive branching and numerous _______ _______ that increase the receptive area.

A

Dendritic Spines

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3
Q

Dendritic spines are _________.

A

Plastic

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4
Q

Long axons emerge from an…

A

Axon hillock

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5
Q

This is a dense network of nerve fibers and their branches and synapses, together with glial filaments.

A

Neuropil

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6
Q

What are the 4 structural classifications of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar
Anaxonic

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7
Q

This type of directional transport carries material from the nerve cell body to the axon.

A

Anterograde Transport

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8
Q

Anterograde Transport utilizes ________, a microtubule-associated motor protein.

A

Kinesin

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9
Q

This type of directional transport carries material from the axon terminal to the cell body, or from the dendrites to the cell body.

A

Retrograde Transport

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10
Q

Retrograde Transport utilizes ________, a microtubule-associated motor protein.

A

Dynein

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11
Q

Anterograde movement of substances is (FAST/SLOW) transport, with a speed of 0.2-4 mm/day. Typically cytoskeletal elements.

A

Slow

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12
Q

Retrograde movement is (FAST/SLOW) transport because it involves bidirectional movement of organelles. Speed is 20-400 mm/day and may include endocytose toxins and viruses.

A

Fast

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13
Q

Nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to ________ cells.

A

Effector

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14
Q

Synaptic transmission is (UNIDIRECTIONAL/BIDIRECTIONAL).

A

Unidirectional

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15
Q

Synaptic communication converts a (CHEMICAL/ELECTRICAL) signal (nerve impulse) from a presynaptic cell to a (CHEMICAL/ELECTRICAL) signal that affects the postsynaptic cell.

A

Electrical

Chemical

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16
Q

What is the chemical signal usually caused by?

A

Neurotransmitters

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17
Q

This part of the chemical synapse contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. It releases neurotransmitters via exocytosis.

A

Presynaptic terminal bouton

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18
Q

A 20- to 30-nm wide intercellular space, called the ________ ________, separates the pre- and postsynaptic membranes.

A

Synaptic cleft

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19
Q

What does the postsynaptic membrane contain?

A
    • Receptors for neurotransmitters

- - Ion channels to initiate a new impulse

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20
Q

An electrical synapse is a direct, passive flow of electrical current between neurons via _______ _______. These contain ________ that link pre- and postsynaptic membranes.

A

Gap Junctions

Connexons

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21
Q

These cells have a large number of long, branching processes. Proximal regions are reinforced with intermediate filaments made of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP).

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

These cells form a vast network of delicate terminals contacting synapses and other structures. The terminal processes of a single cell typically associates with over 1 million synaptic sites.

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

These cells extend processes that enwrap nearby axons in myelin, only in CNS. Enwrap axons from multiple neurons, and a single axon may be enwrapped by many of these cells.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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24
Q

Oligodendrocytes usually appear as small cells with rounded, condensed nuclei and unstained _________.

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

These cells are columnar or cuboidal and line the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord. Apical end may have cilia and long microvilli to facilitate movement of CSF and for absorption.

A

Ependymal cells

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26
Q

Ependymal cells are joined apically by apical junction complexes and they have no…

A

Basal lamina

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27
Q

This is found in the roofs of the 3rd and 4th ventricles and parts of the lateral ventricular walls. It removes water form the blood and releases it as CSF.

A

Choroid Plexus

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28
Q

The Choroid Plexus is a thin, elaborated folded layer of well-vascularized ______ ______ covered by cuboidal _______ cells.

A

Pia Mater

Ependymal

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29
Q

What ions does CSF contain?

A

Na+
K+
Cl-

30
Q

CSF has very little protein and only cells include sparse _________.

A

Lymphocytes

31
Q

This is what is responsible for the absorption pathway of CSF back into the venous circulation.

A

Arachnoid Villi

32
Q

This structure is a branching system of blood vessels which run in fronds composed of a fibrous core covered by cuboidal/columnar epithelium.

A

Villous structure

33
Q

In a villous structure, capillaries and vessels are large, thin-walled and epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina. Long bulbous _________ project from the epithelial cells.

A

Microvilli

34
Q

These lie between epithelial cells, contributing to a blood-CSF barrier.

A

Tight junctions (zonula occludens)

35
Q

These cells are less numerous than oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. They are migratory and will remove damaged or inactive synapses or other fibrous components.

A

Microglia

36
Q

Microglia are a major mechanism of immune defense in the CNS, removing any microbial invaders. They originate from _________.

A

Monocytes

37
Q

This is a fibrous intercellular network of cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells.

A

Neuropil

38
Q

In the Spinal Cord, the central mass of _______ matter has the shape of a butterfly. This is made up of ventral, dorsal, and lateral horns.

A

Gray

39
Q

The lies in the central commissure of gray matter. It is lined by ependymal cells and contains CSF.

A

Central Canal

40
Q

White matter consists of ascending tracts of (MOTOR/SENSORY) fibers and descending tracts of (MOTOR/SENSORY) fibers.

A

Sensory

Motor

41
Q

What are the three layers of the Cerebellar Cortex?

A

1) Molecular layer
2) Purkinje cells
3) Granular layer

42
Q

This layer of the cerebellar cortex has much neuropil and scattered neuronal cell bodies.

A

Molecular layer

43
Q

This layer of the cerebellar cortex extends dendrites throughout the molecular layer as a branching basket of nerve fibers. Conspicuous in H&E stained sections.

A

Purkinje cells

44
Q

This layer of the cerebellar cortex contains various very small, densely packed neurons (i.e., granule cells) and little neuropil.

A

Granular layer

45
Q

The cerebellar cortex is organized into ________ with the cerebellar medulla located deep.

A

Folia

46
Q

Biologically older parts of the Cerebral Cortex are arranged into three layers, called the…

A

Archicortex

47
Q

Most of the Cerebral Cortex is called _________ and consists of six layers. It has a variety of cells and is divided into five different morphological types.

A

Neocortex

48
Q

The Neocortex has a variety of cells, divided into five different morphological types which are…

A 
Pyramidal cells 
Granule (stellate) cells
Cells of Martinotti 
Fusiform cells 
Horizontal cells of Cajal
49
Q

This cell in the Neocortex has a pyramid-shaped cell body with the apex directed toward the cortical surface.

A

Pyramidal cells

50
Q

Huge upper motor neurons of the motor cortex, called ______ cells, are the largest pyramidal cells.

A

Betz

51
Q

This cell in the Neocortex has small neurons with a cell body the shape of a star (look like granules in micrographs).

A

Granule (stellate) cells

52
Q

This cell in the Neocortex has small polygonal cells with a few short dendrites.

A

Cells of Martinotti

53
Q

This cell in the Neocortex has spindle-shaped cells oriented at right angles to the surface of the cerebral cortex.

A

Fusiform cells

54
Q

This cell in the Neocortex has small and spindle-shaped but oriented parallel to the surface (least common).

A

Horizontal cells of Cajal

55
Q

The cerebral cortex also contains supporting glia, which are…

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

56
Q

There are five layers of the cerebral cortex, which are what from superficial to deep?

A 
I - Molecular layer 
II - External granular layer 
III - External pyramidal layer
IV - Inner granular layer 
V - Ganglionic layer 
VI - Multiform (polymorphic) layer
57
Q

This layer of the cerebral cortex consists largely of fibers, most of which travel parallel to the surface, and mostly neuroglia cells and horizontal cells of Cajal.

A

I - Molecular layer

58
Q

This layer of the cerebral cortex consists mainly of small pyramidal cells and granule cells.

A

II - External granular layer

59
Q

This layer of the cerebral cortex has pyramidal cells that are somewhat larger and possess a typical pyramidal shape. Not sharply demarcated from the layer above it.

A

III - External pyramidal layer

60
Q

This layer of the cerebral cortex is characterized by the presence of many small granule cells.

A

IV - Inner granular layer

61
Q

This layer of the cerebral cortex has internal pyramidal cells that are extremely large, called Betz cells. These are in motor areas.

A

V - Ganglionic layer

62
Q

This layer of the cerebral cortex contains cells with diverse shapes, many are fusiform cells.

A

VI - Multiform (polymorphic) layer

63
Q

This is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and incidence increases with age. Typical presentation is 70+ years. Symptoms include memory failure, progressing steadily to involve motor skills, speech, and sensation.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

64
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease, the etiology is unknown and there is a small proportions of cases that have a genetic association. There is a striking thinning of _______, particularly those of the frontal and temporal lobes.

A

Gyri

65
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease - plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss are identified on sections. ________ _______ are amorphous, pink masses in the cortex and ________ ________ are flame-shaped skeins formed by abnormal accumulation of Tau.

A 
Amyloid Plaques (Amyloid Beta) 
Neurofibrillary Tangles
66
Q

This is a large mass of gray matter containing multipolar neurons with dark pigment. It has connections with the cortex, spinal cord, corpus striatum, and reticular formation. Has important role in fine control of motor function.

A

Substantia Nigra

67
Q

In the Substantia Nigra, neurons contain numerous membrane-bound granules of neuromelanin pigments. Neuromelanin contains _________, which causes inhibitory effects in brain areas dedicated to movement.

A

Dopamine

68
Q

This disease presents with clinical features of tremor, slow movement, and rigidity resulting from degeneration of neurons in the Substantia Nigra. This results in loss of dopamine.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

69
Q

In Parkinson’s Disease, there are distinctive inclusions seen in the remaining neurons of the Substantia Nigra. These inclusions are called…

A

Lewy bodies

70
Q

Lewy bodies are pink-staining inclusions with a pale halo. They are composed of aggregates of the protein __________ and other proteins.

A

Alpha-synuclein

NE Exam 2 (24 decks)

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