Basal Ganglia Flashcards
This is what makes up the striatum.
Caudate
Putamen
This is what makes up the lenticular nucleus.
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
***Globus Pallidus lies medial to Putamen
There are two parts to the Globus Pallidus, which are…
Internus
Externus
When we’re talking about the Ventral Striatum, that is the same thing as the…
Nucleus Accumbens
What is in the Dorsal Basal Nucleus category?
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
What is in the Paleostriatum category?
Globus Pallidus
What is part of the Ventral Striatum category?
Nucleus Accumbens
Olfactory Nucleus
What is part of the Ventral Palladium category?
Substantia Innominata
What is part of the Striatal Complex?
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Nucleus Accumbens
Olfactory Tubercle
What is part of the Palladial Complex?
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Innominata
This is within the midbrain and makes dopamine.
Substantia Nigra
What are the parts of the Substantia Nigra?
Pars reticulata
Pars compacta
This is what separates the head of the Caudate from the Lenticular nucleus.
Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule
This is what separates the Lenticular nucleus from the Thalamus.
Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule
The basal ganglia are a circuit. It starts with inhibition and allows for _________.
Movement
What can be the input nuclei of the basal ganglia circuit?
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Nucleus Accumbens
What can be the output nuclei of the basal ganglia circuit?
Globus Pallidus – internus
Ventral Pallidum
Substantia Nigra – pars reticulata
This parallel circuit has a role in the control of facial, limb, and trunk musculature.
Skeletomotor Loop
This parallel circuit has a role in the control of saccadic eye movements. It puts object of interest directly on fovea.
Oculomotor Loop
This parallel circuit has a role in cognition and executive behavioral functions.
Associative Loop
This parallel circuit participates in the motivational regulation of behavior and in emotions.
Limbic Loop
This basal ganglia input nuclei has a role in eye movement control and cognition.
Caudate nucleus
This basal ganglia input nuclei has a role in control of limb and trunk movements.
Putamen
This basal ganglia input nuclei has a role in emotions.
Nucleus Accumbens (Ventral Striatum)
This basal ganglia output nuclei has a role in limb and trunk control.
Globus Pallidus – internus
This basal ganglia output nuclei has a role in emotions.
Ventral Pallidum
This basal ganglia output nuclei has a role in cognition and eye movements.
Substantia Nigra – pars reticulata
Describe the skeletomotor loop.
Cerebral Cortex – Putamen – GPi and SNr – Ventral anterior and Ventral lateral (thalamic nuclei)
Describe the oculomotor loop.
Frontal eye field and Supplementary eye field – Caudate (body) – SNr and GPi – Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal (thalamic nuclei)
Describe the associative loop.
Prefrontal and Premotor – Caudate (head) – SNr and GPi – Ventral anterior and Medial dorsal (thalamic nuclei)
Describe the limbic loop.
Anterior cingulate gyrus and Orbitofrontal cortex – Ventral Striatum – Ventral Pallidum, GPi, and SNr – Medial dorsal and Ventral anterior (thalamic nuclei)
This disease is progressive and starts in later life (about 60). There is a classic triad of tremors (pill rolling), rigidity (cogwheel) and bradykinesia. You can also see hypokinesia, postural instability, dementia, and visuoperceptive impairments. Can affect walking, speech, and facial expressions.
Parkinson’s Disease
***In short, there is not ENOUGH movement
What is the main cause of Parkinson’s Disease?
Substantia Nigra do not release enough dopamine
What are the possible treatments for Parkinson’s disease?
Drugs to increase dopamine levels (through adding dopamine or preventing its breakdown)
Deep brain stimulation
This is a designer drug that was once used that had side effects causing Parkinsonian syndrome.
MPTP
This is a progressive disease with the average onset being age 45. It is autosomal dominant, with a HTT gene mutation (CAG trinucleotide repeat). It’s characterized by involuntary, jerky, and rapid movements, dementia, unsteady gait, slurred speech, trouble maintaining tongue protrusion, and irregular breathing. Many patients are also diagnosed with depression.
Huntington’s Disease
What is the main cause of Huntington’s disease?
Degeneration of neurons in striatum (caudate and putamen), leading to decreased GABA
What are the possible Huntington’s treatments?
Tetrabenazine (serotonin antagonist) Typical antipsychotic (antagonize dopamine) Reserpine, tetrabenazine (depleting dopamine)
This can be related to stroke, inflammation, or tumor. It presents as flailing, flinging movements of the whole extremity seen in lesions of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus.
Ballismus
This is the term for spontaneous, rapid, jerky, arrhythmic and involuntary movements which are purposeless or “fragments of motor programs”.
Chorea
***Seen in Huntington’s, etc.
A woman experienced acute rheumatic fever (ARF) as a child, and it developed into rheumatic heart disease after heart valve damage as an adult. What are the symptoms of ARF?
J -- joints (arthritis) O -- heart (-carditis) N -- nodules (subcutaneous) E -- erythema marginatum (rash) S -- Sydenham's chorea
This is the term for the inability to sustain the body part in one position. Movements are writhing or snake-like, slow and continuous. Often seen with chorea.
Athetosis
***With chorea, it’s called Choreoathetosis
________ is often seen with dopamine-blocking drugs or hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Athetosis
Non-painful but can severely affect ability to write, even causing words to be illegible. It is an involuntary, sustained muscle contracture of extensors and/or flexors of the hand.
Writer’s Cramp
***An example of Focal Dystonia
This is the persistence or fixing of the posture at the extreme of an athetoid movement of either the extremities or the trunk.
Focal Dystonia
***Writer’s Cramp is an example of this
This is the term for Cervical Dystonia.
Torticollis
This is the term for eyelid dystonia.
Blepharospasm
