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NE Exam 2 > 15. Cerebellum lecture > Flashcards

15. Cerebellum lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

coordinating movements
Maintaining posture
motor learning

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2
Q

What are the 4 nuclei that are present within the cerebellum (the deep cerebellar nuclei)

A

Dont eat greasy food

Dentate
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial

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3
Q

From outside to inside, what are the layers of the gray matter in the cerebellum?

A

Molecular
Purkinje
Granular
White matter

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4
Q

The _______ ______ lies next to pial surface and has few neurons with their cell bodies in basket cell and stellate cells

A

Molecular layer

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5
Q

The _____ _____ has axons of the neurons

A

white matter

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6
Q

Describe the purkinje cells

A

Are found in the purkinje layer between the molecular and granular layers

Outputs come from the cerebellar cortex and inhibit the cerebellum nuclei and vestibular nuclei

Have a lot of dendrites

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7
Q

The ______ _______ are the smallest neurons and are ONLY excitatory

A

granular cells

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8
Q

Which cells are capable of inhibiting the purkinje cells?

A

Stellate cells and basket cells

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9
Q

Describe golgi cells

A

inhibitory neurons and are large and scattered with short axons

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10
Q

Describe climbing fibers

A

from the inferior olive

Myelinated and excite the purkinje cells

Convey information regarding movement errors to the cerebellum

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11
Q

Describe mossy fibers

A

Originate from the spinal cord, reticular formation, vestibular system, and pontine nuclei

synapse with granulocytes

convey somatosensory, arousal, equilibrium, and cerebral cortex motor information to the cerebellum

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12
Q

The __________ receives info from the vestibular receptors and visual areas and sends output to the vestibular nuclei

A

vestibulocerebellum or the flocculonodular lobe

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13
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Influence eye movement and postural muscles of the head and body

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14
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Controls ongoing movement via the brainstem descending tracts

takes somatosensory information from the spinal interneurons and sensorimotor cortex

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15
Q

Which portion of the cerebellum is important in gait?

A

Spinocerebellum

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16
Q

What is the function of the pontocerebellum or the cerebrocerebellum?

A

coordination of voluntary movements, planning of movements, and timing

receives input from the cerebral cortex via the pontine nuclei

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17
Q

How do the afferent fibers enter into the cerebellum?

A

Through the cerebellar peduncles

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18
Q

What does the dentate nucleus target with her efferents?

A

The red nucleus and the thalamus

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19
Q

What do the globose and emboli form nuclei target with her efferents?

A

red nucleus and thalamus

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20
Q

What does the fastigial nucleus target with her efferents?

A

Reticular formation

Vestibular nucleus

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21
Q

What are the mossy fibers that enter the cerebellum from the vestibular system?

A

Vestibular nuclei

Cranial nerve VIII

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22
Q

What are the mossy fibers that enter the cerebellum from the spinal cord?

A

Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Cuneocerebellar tract

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23
Q

What is the anterior spinocerebellar tract in charge of?

A

Legs and other funky movements

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24
Q

What is the posterior spinocerebellar tract in charge of?

A

Legs

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25
Q

What is the cuneocerebellar tract in charge of?

A

Arms

26
Q

What are the mossy fibers that originate from the cerebral cortex?

A

Cortico-pontocerebellar

Corticoreticulocerebellar

27
Q

What are the climbing fibers from the cerebral cortex?

A

cortico-olivocerebellar

28
Q

What is the function of the afferent fiber pathways int eh cerebellum?

A

unconscious proprioception about limb movement

29
Q

Describe the pathway of the posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

axons carrying unconscious proprioception from the lower limb

Originates in dorsal root gangla and ascends in the cuneatus gracilis

synapse in the nucleus dorsalis of clark (grey mater of C8-L2)

second order neuron ascend in the dorsolateral funicular and enters the cerebellum from the inferior cerebellar peduncle

30
Q

Describe the pathway of the cuneocerebellar tract

A

axons carrying unconscious perception from the upper limb

Originates in DRG and ascends into the fasciculus cuneatus

synapse in the accessory cuneate nucleus in the lower medulla

2nd order neurons from the accessory cuneate nucleus ascends to the cerebellum and enters through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

31
Q

Describe the afferents from the vestibular system

A

the juxtarestiform body and the rustiform body form the inferior cerebellar peduncle

32
Q

What is special about the cuneocerebellar tract?

A

It crosses twice in the pathway

33
Q

What comes and goes from the superior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Major efferents from the globose, emboli form, and dentate nuclei

Afferent fibers from the ventral spinocerebellar tract to run here too

34
Q

Describe the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

largest peduncle

Afferent fibers from the pontine nuclei relayed to the cortex

35
Q

What is the primary pathway that enters into the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Primarily afferent pathways from the spinal cord

36
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocerebellum

A

eye movements
neck and trunk movements

Vests cover your trunk (and neck kind of) and everyone looks at you when you wear a vest

balance equilibrium

37
Q

What are the functions of the spinocerebellum?

A

Axial and lower extremity movements

gait and station

38
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Precise, coordinated movements; mainly the upper extremity

timing, planning, coordination

39
Q

In a unilateral lesion of the cerebellum which side is affected?

A

Ipsilateral

40
Q

Describe ataxia, what sx present?

A 
Voluntary 
normal strength 
jerky 
inaccurate movements 
wide based gait 
guarding 
fall to the side of the lesion
41
Q

What does a lesion of the vestibulocerebellum cause clinically?

A

Nystagmus
Truncal ataxia
Truncal instability (titubation) cannot tandem walk

42
Q

What does a lesion in the spinocerebellum result in?

A

Gait and truncal ataxia, wide, staggering base

43
Q

What are the connections between the vestibular system and the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

44
Q

What are the connections between the cutaneous and proprioceptive information from the spinal cord and the vermis and paravermis regions

A

Lesions of the spinocerebellum

45
Q

______ _______ is caused by vestibulocerebellar and spinocerebellar diseases

A

Midline ataxia

46
Q

Define titubation

A

tremor of the trunk in an anterior-posterior plane

47
Q

Define gait ataxia

A

wide based, irregular steps with lateral veering (especially in the case of unilateral lesion)

48
Q

What do lesions int eh cerebrocerebellum cause clinically?

A

Dysarthria
Ataxic gait
Decomposition of movements
Limb ataxia

49
Q

Define dysarthria

A

slow and slurred speech that is poorly articulated

50
Q

Define dysdiadochokinesia

A

inability to rapidly alternate movements

51
Q

Define dysmetria

A

inability to accurately move an intended distance (can’t get to intended target)

52
Q

Define action tremor

A

shaking of the limb with a voluntary movement

intention tremor

53
Q

Dysfunction if the cerebellar hemispheres restyles in ataxia of the extremities also known as….

A

appendicular ataxia

54
Q

What are the sx of appendicular ataxia

A

Hypotonia
decomposition of movement
dysmetria
dysdiachokinesia

55
Q

What are common clinical findings of cerebellar ataxia

A

Positive romberg test
unable to stand with feet together
there is normal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes

56
Q

How are you able to tell that cerebellar ataxia is not in fact, a dorsal column issue?

A

Because of the normal vibratory sense, proprioception and ankle reflexes

57
Q

What are the common clinical findings of sensory ataxia?

A

Patient is able to stand with their feet together with eyes open, but not closed

abnormal vibratory sense, proprioception, and ankle reflexes (because of the sensory component)

58
Q

Differentiate between the romberg test that are found in a person with cerebellar ataxia versus sensory ataxia

A

People with cerebellar ataxia are not able to stand with a narrow stance and eyes open very well; romberg will be positive with eyes open

In a person with sensory ataxia, they have no problem standing with their feet together but have a positive romberg test

59
Q

How do you test the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum

A

Station
walking
tandem gait

60
Q

How do you test the cerebrocerebellum

A 
Rapid alternating movements 
Finger to nose 
Toe to finger 
heel to shin 
Rebound and recheck reflex 
Speech

NE Exam 2 (24 decks)

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