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NE Exam 2 > Gross Brain, Brainstem, & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Gross Brain, Brainstem, & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

PNS

CNS

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2
Q

This is the collection of spinal and cranial nerves whose branches convey messages to/from the CNS.

A

PNS

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3
Q

This includes the brain and spinal cord.

A

CNS

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4
Q

The brain has multiple subdivisions and is composed of what?

A

Forebrain
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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5
Q

What is the forebrain composed of?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

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6
Q

This lies between the forebrain and the spinal cord.

A

Brainstem

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7
Q

This type of matter consists of areas containing neuronal/glial cell bodies and dendrites.

A

Gray Matter

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8
Q

Gray matter is made up of ________, which are collections of cell bodies with a common function.

A

Nuclei

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9
Q

These are layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS (i.e., cerebral and cerebellar).

A

Cortex

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10
Q

This type of matter consists of areas where there is a collection of axons, and many are covered with myelin.

A

White Matter

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11
Q

What are other terms for white matter?

A 
Fasciculus 
Funiculus
Lemniscus 
Peduncle
Tract
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12
Q

Most tracts have 2 part names, that consist of what?

A

1st part = location of neuronal cell bodies from which axons originate

2nd part = site the axons terminate

***i.e., Corticospinal tract

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13
Q

This is the term for a ridge of cortical tissue.

A

Gyrus

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14
Q

This is the term for a groove located between gyri.

A

Sulcus

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15
Q

This is the term for deep sulci.

A

Fissures

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16
Q

Folding into gyri and sulci increases the total cortical area and the total number of cortical __________.

A

Neurons

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17
Q

There are four prominent sulci that divide each cerebral hemisphere into five lobes. What are these sulci?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus (fissure)
Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate sulcus

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18
Q

This sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

A

Central sulcus

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19
Q

This sulcus divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

A

Lateral sulcus (fissure)

***Very deep so it is also called a fissure!

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20
Q

This sulcus divides the parietal lobe and occipital lobe.

A

Parietooccipital sulcus

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21
Q

This sulcus divides the limbic lobe from the frontal lobe (lies medially, can only see in hemi brain).

A

Cingulate sulcus

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22
Q

The two hemispheres are joined by a huge fiber bundle called the…

A

Corpus Callosum

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23
Q

What is the inferior part of the Frontal Lobe called?

A

Orbital Part of the Frontal Lobe

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24
Q

What are the boundaries of the Frontal Lobe?

A 
Anterior = Frontal Pole 
Posterior = Central Sulcus to Cingulate Sulcus
Medial = Cingulate Sulcus
Lateral = Lateral Sulcus (Fissure)
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25
Q

The Parietal Lobe extends from the Central Sulcus to an imaginary line that connects what?

A

Parietooccipital Sulcus and the Preoccipital Notch

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26
Q

Medially, the Parietal Lobe is bounded inferiorly by what?

A

Subparietal Sulcus

Calcarine Sulcus

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27
Q

This lobe is bounded anteriorly by the parietal and temporal lobes on both the lateral and medial surfaces of the hemisphere.

A

Occipital Lobe

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28
Q

This lobe is a strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction. It is interposed between the Corpus Callosum and frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes.

A

Limbic Lobe

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29
Q

This lobe curves around to occupy part of the medial surface of the brain, which would otherwise be called the temporal lobe.

A

Limbic Lobe

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30
Q

The Frontal Lobe contains (SENSORY/MOTOR) areas.

A

Motor

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31
Q

What makes up the lateral surface of the Frontal Lobe?

A

Precentral Gyrus
Superior Frontal Gyrus
Middle Frontal Gyrus
Inferior Frontal Gyrus

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32
Q

What does the Precentral Gyrus contain?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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33
Q

What is contained in the Precentral Gyrus (other than the Primary Motor Cortex) and portions of the frontal gyri?

A

Premotor and supplementary motor areas

***Involved with planning and initiating voluntary movements

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34
Q

The Inferior Frontal Gyrus consists of three parts, which are what from anterior to posterior?

A

Orbital Part
Triangular Part
Opercular Part

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35
Q

This is contained in the Opercular and Triangular Parts of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus, only on the left hemisphere.

A

Broca’s Area

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36
Q

This is important in motor aspects of written and spoken language.

A

Broca’s Area

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37
Q

The majority of the Frontal Lobe is occupied by this, and it is involved with executive functions, personality, decision-making, insight, and foresight.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

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38
Q

What makes up the Parietal Lobe?

A

Postcentral Gyrus
Superior Parietal Lobule
Inferior Parietal Lobule

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39
Q

The Postcentral Gyrus corresponds to the _______ _______ ________. Involved with processing of tactile and proprioceptive information and sensory localization.

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

***Part of Parietal Lobe

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40
Q

The Inferior Parietal Lobule (one hemisphere, usually left) is involved in what?

A

Language Comprehension

***Part of Parietal Lobe

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41
Q

The remainder of the parietal cortex functions doing what?

A

Spatial Orientation

Directing Attention

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42
Q

Describe what the Homunculus is.

A

A “map” of different parts of the body within the brain. There is a motor component in the Precentral Gyrus and a sensory component in the Postcentral Gyrus. The larger the body part appears means there is more innervation to this area.

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43
Q

What are the general locations for each body part in the Homunculus from superior to inferior?

A 
Feet
Legs
Arm/Wrist
Hand
Face
Mouth

***More detailed than this, look at slide 12!

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44
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe composed of?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Inferior Temporal Gyrus

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45
Q

What makes up the inferior surface of the Temporal Lobe?

A

Occipitotemporal (Fusiform) Gyrus

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46
Q

The superior surface of the Temporal Lobe, continuing as a small area of the Superior Temporal Gyrus, is the…

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

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47
Q

This is located on the posterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus (one hemisphere, usually left). It’s important in the comprehension of language.

A

Wernicke’s Area

48
Q

What gyri are all a part of Wernicke’s Area?

A

Superior Temporal Gyrus (posteriorly)
Supramarginal Gyrus
Angular Gyrus

49
Q

What is the inferior surface of the Temporal Lobe involved in?

A

Higher-order processing of visual information

50
Q

What is the most medial part of the Temporal Lobe involved in?

A

Learning and memory

51
Q

What are the Limbic structures mostly composed of?

A

Cingulate Gyrus

Parahippocampal Gyrus

52
Q

The anterior end of the Parahippocampal Gyrus hooks backward on itself forming a medial bump, which is called the…

A

Uncus

***In Temporal Lobe

53
Q

Folded in the Temporal Lobe at the Hippocampal Sulcus is the…

A

Hippocampus

54
Q

This is important for fear and emotion, and it lies beneath the Uncus of the Temporal Lobe.

A

Amygdala

55
Q

This lobe is important in emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory.

A

Limbic Lobe

56
Q

This area of the brain is an additional area of cerebral cortex not included in the five lobes. It lies buried in the Lateral Sulcus, and you have to pull it back like curtains.

A

Insula

57
Q

The Insula can be seen by prying open the Lateral Sulcus or by removing the _________. This is the portion of the given lobe that is overlying the Insula.

A

Opercula

***There is a Frontal Opercula, Parietal Opercula, and Temporal Opercula because they all cover the Insula

58
Q

This sulcus outlines the Insula and makes its border with the Opercular areas of the cortex.

A

Circular Sulcus

59
Q

What is the Insula important for?

A

Taste

60
Q

The lateral surface of the Occipital Lobe contains what gyri?

A

Lateral Occipital Gyri

61
Q

This is a wedge-shaped area between the Parietooccipital and Calcarine Sulci (in Occipital Lobe).

A

Cuneus

***Most superior

62
Q

This is contain in the walls of the Calcarine Sulcus (in Occipital Lobe).

A

Primary Visual Cortex

63
Q

What function is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

A

Higher order processing of visual information

64
Q

This is only viewable in the hemisections of the brain, and includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.

A

Diencephalon

65
Q

This is located by the Optic Chiasm and connects the Pituitary Gland to the Hypothalamus.

A

Infundibulum (Infundibular Stalk)

66
Q

The inferior surface of the hypothalamus is visible on an intact brain, including the infundibular stalk and two rounded protuberances called…

A

Mammillary Bodies

67
Q

This is the primary processor of sensory information. Everything except olfaction goes through this!

A

Thalamus

68
Q

These are a group of nuclei the lie deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere.

A

Basal Nuclei

***Also called Basal Ganglia

69
Q

What are the nuclei included in the Basal Nuclei?

A

Caudate Nucleus

Lenticular Nucleus

70
Q

The Lenticular Nucleus can be subdivided into what?

A

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

71
Q

The Lenticular Nuclei are physically separated from the thalamus and Caudate Nucleus by a thick sheet of fibers called the…

A

Internal Capsule

72
Q

This contains most of the fibers interconnecting the cerebral cortex and deep structures (thalamus, basal nuclei, and brainstem).

A

Internal Capsule

73
Q

These fibers connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri.

A

Arcuate Fibers

74
Q

These connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere.

A

Longitudinal/Association Fasciculi

75
Q

These connect cortical areas within other body regions.

A

Projection Tracts

76
Q

This interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres and contains somewhere around 250 million axons.

A

Corpus Callosum

77
Q

This is composed of commissural fibers that go to and from the Temporal Lobe (especially inferior parts).

A

Anterior Commissure

78
Q

This is a white matter structure divided into limbs, each containing specific fiber groups.

A

Internal Capsule

79
Q

What are the limbs of the Internal Capsule?

A 
Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb
Sublenticular limb 
Retrolenticular limb
80
Q

This plays a major role in cranial nerve function, and conveys into to/from the forebrain.

A

Brainstem

81
Q

This portion of the brainstem houses the tectum, superior and inferior colliculi, and paired cerebral peduncles.

A

Midbrain

82
Q

These are paired bumps that are posterior the cerebral aqueduct.

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

83
Q

The Basal Pons are part of the Brainstem, and the posterior portion of the pons is called the __________. This makes up part of the floor of the 4th ventricle.

A

Tegmentum

84
Q

This part of the brainstem contains a rostral open portion and a caudal closed portion.

A

Medulla

85
Q

The rostral open portion of the Medulla contains part of the…

A

4th ventricle

86
Q

The caudal closed portion of the Medulla is continuous with what?

A

Spinal Cord

87
Q

This functions in sensory information processing and influences motor neurons. Damage to it will result in abnormalities of equilibrium, postural control, and coordination of voluntary movements.

A

Cerebellum

88
Q

The surface of the Cerebellum is made up of transverse ridges called…

A

Folia

89
Q

The brain has white matter on the (OUTSIDE/INSIDE) and gray matter on the (OUTSIDE/INSIDE), while the spinal cord has white matter on the (OUTSIDE/INSIDE) and gray matter on the (OUTSIDE/INSIDE).

A

Inside
Outside
Outside
Inside

90
Q

Posterior and Anterior Rootlets go on to make what?

A

Posterior and Anterior Roots, which go on to make Spinal Nerves

91
Q

Posterior Rootlets enter the Spinal Cord via what?

A

Posterolateral Sulcus

92
Q

Anterior Rootlets leave the Spinal Cord via what?

A

Anterolateral Sulcus

***This sulcus is poorly defined and hard to see

93
Q

This is the region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn.

A

Substantia Gelatinosa

94
Q

T/F. The body of the posterior horn contains interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral motor information.

A

False. Transmits somatic and visceral SENSORY information.

95
Q

This is white matter located between the Substantia Gelatinosa (posterior horn) and the surface of the Spinal Cord.

A

Lissauer’s Tract

96
Q

This nucleus has its cells located on the medial surface of the base of the posterior horn (T1 to L2). It has a prominent role in sensory processing and typically treated as part of posterior horn.

A

Clark’s Nucleus (Posterior Thoracic Nucleus)

97
Q

The (POSTERIOR/ANTERIOR) horn contains cell bodies of lower motor neurons supplying skeletal muscle. The cells provide CNS control over body movements (voluntary or involuntary). Influenced by different pathways to modulate movements.

A

Anterior

98
Q

This lies between the anterior and posterior horn and contains a collection of various projection neurons, sensory interneurons, and interneurons.

A

Intermediate Gray Matter

99
Q

Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons (T1-L3), in the intermediolateral cell column, form the ________ _______. The axons leave via the ventral roots.

A

Lateral Horn

100
Q

The _______ _______ nucleus spans S2-S4, but does not form a distinct lateral horn.

A

Sacral Parasympathetic

101
Q

This lamina layer is a thin layer of gray matter covering the Substantia Gelatinosa.

A

Lamina I (Marginal Zone)

102
Q

This lamina layer is the Substantia Gelatinosa.

A

Lamina II

103
Q

These lamina layers are the body of the posterior horn.

A

Lamina III through VI

104
Q

This lamina layer comprises some of the interneuron zones of the anterior horn.

A

Lamina VIII

105
Q

This lamina layer consists of the clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn.

A

Lamina IX

106
Q

This lamina layer is the zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal.

A

Lamina X

107
Q

Primary afferents and lower motor neurons convey info to/from the CNS. Primary afferents terminate in the CNS on ________ neurons and are ipsilateral (with few exceptions).

A

Second-order

108
Q

This type of neuron relays a signal from primary afferents (in the periphery) to a large in the CNS. Can cross the midline of the body.

A

Second-order neurons

109
Q

This type of neuron relays the message to a final large in the a specific cortical area(s). Then the cortex decides on the given output.

A

Third-order neurons

110
Q

Axons having similar connections bundles together, forming various tracts of the Spinal Cord. Many are named according to location of their cell body of origin and final destination. Naming indicates three important facts, which are…

A

1) If they are ascending or descending (i.e., corticospinal vs. spinocerebellar)
2) Location of the cell body of origin (i.e., cortex vs. spinal cord)
3) Location where the axons will terminate (i.e., spinal cord vs. cerebellum)

111
Q

This type of ascending tract conveys ipsilateral proprioceptive, tactile, and vibratory information from the body (not face).

A

Posterior columns

112
Q

This type of ascending tract relays information to the cerebellum, thalamus, and motor cortex to influence efficiency of motor activity.

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

113
Q

This type of ascending tract relays pain, temperature, and nondiscriminative touch from the body (not face).

A

Anterolateral system (ALS)

114
Q

This type of descending tract controls voluntary, fine movements of the musculature.

A

Corticospinal tract

115
Q

This type of descending tract influences motor neurons innervating primarily axial and neck musculature.

A

Vestibulospinal tract

116
Q

This type of descending tract excites flexor motor neurons and inhibits extensor motor neurons.

A

Rubrospinal fibers

NE Exam 2 (24 decks)

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