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Comparative Anatomy 408 > Lecture Exam 4: Vision/Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4: Vision/Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What do sense organs do?

A

Monitor external and internal environments

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2
Q

What are the special sense organs?

A

Hearing/Balance
Vision
Olfaction
Gustation

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3
Q

What are the general sense organs?

A

Pain
Pressure
Temperature
Touch

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4
Q

What do the sense neuromast organs do?

A

Monitors Mechanical, Electrical, and Chemical Stimuli

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5
Q

Which animals have a lateral line that contain neuromast organs?

A

Fish and amphibians

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6
Q

What does the ampullae of Lorenzini do?

A

Detects electricity

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7
Q

What are pit organs?

A

External opening of neuromast organs

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8
Q

Where is the pit organs in sharks?

A

Gill region

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of neuromast cells? Where are they found? What do they do?

A

Hair cells
Supporting cells

Inside the cupula

Move back and forth to allow them to detect what is going on mechanically

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10
Q

What is 1?

A

Cupula

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11
Q

What is 2?

A

Sensory hairs

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12
Q

What is 3?

A

Hair cell

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13
Q

What is 4?

A

Supporting cell

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14
Q

What is 5?

A

Nerve fiber

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15
Q

What is the external ear called?

A

Pinna

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16
Q

What does the pinna do? What animals is it found in?

A

Directs sound waves
Mammals

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17
Q

What is the ear drum called?

A

Tympanic Membrane

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18
Q

Where is tympanic membrane on an amphibian/reptile?

A

Surface of the head

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19
Q

Where is tympanic membrane on a crocodiles, birds, mammals?

A

In skull at end of EAM

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20
Q

What is the external auditory meatus (EAM)

A

Tube that extends from the deep part of the concha to the tympanic membrane

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21
Q

Where is the labyrinth with cochlea found?

A

Inner ear

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22
Q

Which animals have 1 ossicle (columella or stapes)

A

Amphibian, reptile, bird

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23
Q

Which animals have 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

A

Mammals

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24
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Between pharynx and middle ear

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25
Q

Where is the organ of Corti?

A

Located in lagena (enlargement of sacculus)

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26
Q

Longer in terrestrial vertebrates and most mammals

A

Lagena

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27
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

Contain a specialized strip of neuromasts connected to nervous system via auditory nerve

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28
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Specialized strip of neuromast connected to NS via auditory nerves

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of membranous labyrinth

A

Filled with fluid
Attached to hindbrain
3 Semicircular Canals
Utriculus
Sacculus

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30
Q

Which animal only has 1 semicircular canal?

A

Hagfish

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31
Q

Which animal only has 2 semicircular canals?

A

Lamprey

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32
Q

Deals with movement

A

Membranous Labyrinth

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33
Q

What makes up the outer ear?

A

Pinna
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane

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34
Q

Evagination of first pharyngeal pouch?

A

Middle ear

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35
Q

What is the ossicle called in amphibians, reptiles, and birds?

A

Columella or stapes

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36
Q

What are the 3 ear ossicles called in mammals?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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37
Q

What does the inner ear consists of?

A

Labyrinth with cochlea

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38
Q

What equalizes pressure?

A

Eustachian tube

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39
Q

What develops from first pharyngeal arch cartilage?

A

Malleus and Incus

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40
Q

What develops from the second pharyngeal arch cartilage?

A

Stapes

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41
Q

Where is the enlargement of sacculus located?

A

In the lagena

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42
Q

What are the 2 types of fluid in the labyrinths?

A

Endolymph -Membranous
Perilymph - bony

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43
Q

What has to do with balance/equilibrium?

A

Vestibules

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44
Q

Which structure deals with hearing?

A

Organ of Corti

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45
Q

What is found inside the canal of the membranous labyrinth?

A

Otoliths
Sensory hairs

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46
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Stones

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47
Q

What do the otolith (stones) do?

A

Slide along saccula and Utricle

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48
Q

What does Dynamic (Dynomite) Equilibrium deal with?

A

Deals with semicircular canals
More rapid movement

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49
Q

What does static Equilibrium deal with?

A

Head to body position
Sliding of stones (otoliths)

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50
Q

What are Weberian ossicles?

A

Transmits sound waves in fish

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51
Q

What do thermosensitive receptors do in snakes?

A

Detect touch
Temperature
Pain

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52
Q

What are loreal pits? What animal are they found in?

A

Detectors in a python, located inferior to nares; they are larger

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53
Q

What are labial pits? What animal are they found in?

A

Found in pythons around the opening of the mouth

Responsible for detecting heat, touch, and pain

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54
Q

What do photoreceptors do?

A

Detect light

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55
Q

What are true eyes?

A

Lateral eyes in reptiles

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56
Q

What is a median eye?

A

Pineal eye (3rd eye) in reptiles

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57
Q

Where is the median eye found?

A

On top of head

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58
Q

What are the characteristics of a median eye?

A

Has lens and cornea
Can sense light
Has NO retinal images

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59
Q

What is found on the inside of the anterior chamber?

A

Aqueous hummer

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60
Q

What is the iris?

A

Colored part of the eye

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61
Q

What is 1?

A

Anterior chamber

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62
Q

What is 2?

A

Cornea

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63
Q

What is 3?

A

Iris

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64
Q

What is 4?

A

Conjunctiva

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65
Q

What is 5?

A

Ciliary muscle

66
Q

What is 6?

A

Rectus tendon

67
Q

What is 7?

A

Zonule fibers

68
Q

What is 8?

A

Visual exis

69
Q

What is 9?

A

Fovea

70
Q

What is 10?

A

Macula

71
Q

What is 11?

A

Optic nerve

72
Q

What is 12?

A

Choroid

73
Q

What is 13?

A

Sclera

74
Q

What is 14?

A

Optic disk

75
Q

What is 15?

A

Retina

76
Q

What is 16?

A

Optical axis

77
Q

What is 17?

A

Posterior chamber

78
Q

What is 18?

A

Lens

79
Q

Posterior chamber is also referred to as what?

A

The vitreous chamber

80
Q

Where is the vitreous hummer found?

A

Posterior/vitreous chamber

81
Q

What doe the vitreous hummer do?

A

Holds the shape of the eye; it is like jello

82
Q

What do cones see?

A

Color

83
Q

What do rods see?

A

B, W, and shades of grey

84
Q

How does the fish lens move?

A

Posteriorly

85
Q

How does the amphibian/cartilaginous fish lens move?

A

Pulled forward

86
Q

How does the terrestrial mammals lens move?

A

Curves with ciliary muscles

87
Q

What is gustation?

A

Taste

88
Q

Where are the fish taste buds located?

A

Roof
Wall
Floor of pharynx

89
Q

Where are the tetrapod’s taste buds located?

A

Restricted to tongue

90
Q

What are the cutaneous receptors?

A

Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature

91
Q

What are the 2 types of nerve endings?

A

Naked
Encapsulated

92
Q

What are naked nerve endings?

A

Free nerve endings

93
Q

What are the only truly “free” nerve endings?

A

Pain
Heat
Cold

94
Q

What is the root hair plexus for?

A

Touch

95
Q

What is the Krause end bulbs for?

A

Touch

96
Q

What are the Merkel disks for?

A

Touch

97
Q

What are free nerve endings for?

A

Pain
Heat
Cold

98
Q

What are the Meissner corpuscles for?

A

Touch

99
Q

What is the Pacinian corpuscles for?

A

Pressure

100
Q

What is the Ruffini endings for?

A

Pressure

101
Q

We can adapt to everything except what?

A

Pain

102
Q

What organs are included in the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Thymus
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Pineal Body
Ovaries/Testes

103
Q

Do endocrine systems have ducts, or are they ductless?

A

Ductless

104
Q

What is secreted in the endocrine system?

A

Hormones

105
Q

Where does the endocrine derive from?

A

Germ layers

106
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm

107
Q

What does it mean with the endocrine system is ductless?

A

All hormones secreted are pushed into the blood

108
Q

What is the “master gland”?

A

Pituitary gland; it runs everything

109
Q

How does the pituitary gland develop?

A

Brain tissue started to move down (inferior)
Oral tissue moved up (superior)

110
Q

What is the stalk called that the pituitary gland hangs from?

A

Infundibulum

111
Q

Where does anterior pituitary come from?

A

From the mouth; Oral mucosa

112
Q

Where does posterior pituitary come from?

A

Brain; neural tissue

113
Q

Rathke’s pouch ends up becoming what?

A

Anterior pituitary

114
Q

Neural tissue comes down and forms the Infundibulum (which is the stalk) what pituitary is this?

A

Posterior pituitary

115
Q

What is the anterior pituitary called?

A

Adenohypophysis

116
Q

What is the posterior pituitary called?

A

Neurohypophysis

117
Q

What does the posterior (Neurohypophysis) pituitary gland do?

A

STORES hormones

118
Q

What does the anterior (Adenohypophysis) pituitary gland do?

A

SECRETES hormones

119
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?

A

ADH: Anti-Diuretic hormone – Hormone that tells you not to pee

Oxytocin: Comfort hormone; also hormone that triggers birth; some autistic kids have a lack of oxytocin

120
Q

Which pituitary releases oxytocin?

A

Posterior

121
Q

Which pituitary releases ADH?

A

Posterior

122
Q

Which pituitary releases PRL?

A

Posterior

123
Q

Which pituitary releases GH?

A

Anterior

124
Q

Which pituitary releases FSH & LH?

A

Anterior

125
Q

Which pituitary releases FSH & LH?

A

Anterior

126
Q

Which pituitary releases ACTH?

A

Anterior

127
Q

Which pituitary releases TSH?

A

Anterior

128
Q

What is a Foramen Cecum?

A

Remnant of thyroid evagination

129
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

Connection of the left and right thyroid lobe

130
Q

What is different in the isthmus?

A

The way the connection of the R and L sides is shaped

131
Q

What does the isthmus release?

A

Thyroid hormone

132
Q

What does the thyroid hormone deal with?

A

Metabolism

133
Q

What are the 2 adrenal glands?

A

Medulla and Cortex

134
Q

What would you find in the medulla?

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are released

135
Q

What is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?

A

Adrenalins

136
Q

What will you find in the cortex?

A

Mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids

137
Q

What is glucocorticoids?

A

Cortisol/Steroids

138
Q

What is mineralcorocoids?

A

Aldosterone

139
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

What is secreted from the cortex

140
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

To conserve sodium and excrete potassium

141
Q

What does the thymus deal with?

A

Immunity

142
Q

When a chordate is born, is the thymus larger or smaller than when they are an adult?

A

Larger; thymus shrinks over time, immunity is already made as adults

143
Q

Which animal can you find the Bursa of Fabricius?

A

Birds

144
Q

What is the Bursa of Fabricius?

A

Out pocket of cloaca

What acts as thymus in birds (extra thymus)

145
Q

Where is the thymus made from in fish?

A

Dorsal pouches 2,3,4,5

146
Q

Where is the thymus made from in mammals?

A

Dorsal pouches 3 and 4

147
Q

Where is the thymus made from in Amphibians?

A

Dorsal pouches 3, 4, and 5

148
Q

Which pouch makes the thyroid?

A

Made by pouch 1

149
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Regulates calcium levels

150
Q

Where does the parathyroid sit?

A

The dorsal side of the thyroid gland

151
Q

How many pairs of parathyroid are there?

A

Typically 2 pairs

152
Q

Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in mammals?

A

Ventral pouches 3, and 4

153
Q

Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in birds?

A

3 and 4

154
Q

Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in reptiles?

A

2, 3, and 4

155
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Regulates blood glucose levels

156
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

The duct running through it; deals with digestive part of things

157
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Deals with alpha and beta cells within the pancreas

158
Q

What do the alpha and beta cells in the pancreas do?

A

Secrete glucose and insulin

159
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Right off of the duodenum

160
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Produces melatonin

Influences sleep-wake cycles

Controlled by environmental light

Comparative Anatomy 408 (10 decks)

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