Lecture Exam 4: Vision/Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
What do sense organs do?
A
Monitor external and internal environments
2
Q
What are the special sense organs?
A
Hearing/Balance
Vision
Olfaction
Gustation
3
Q
What are the general sense organs?
A
Pain
Pressure
Temperature
Touch
4
Q
What do the sense neuromast organs do?
A
Monitors Mechanical, Electrical, and Chemical Stimuli
5
Q
Which animals have a lateral line that contain neuromast organs?
A
Fish and amphibians
6
Q
What does the ampullae of Lorenzini do?
A
Detects electricity
7
Q
What are pit organs?
A
External opening of neuromast organs
8
Q
Where is the pit organs in sharks?
A
Gill region
9
Q
What are the 2 types of neuromast cells? Where are they found? What do they do?
A
Hair cells
Supporting cells
Inside the cupula
Move back and forth to allow them to detect what is going on mechanically
10
Q
What is 1?
A
Cupula
11
Q
What is 2?
A
Sensory hairs
12
Q
What is 3?
A
Hair cell
13
Q
What is 4?
A
Supporting cell
14
Q
What is 5?
A
Nerve fiber
15
Q
What is the external ear called?
A
Pinna
16
Q
What does the pinna do? What animals is it found in?
A
Directs sound waves
Mammals
17
Q
What is the ear drum called?
A
Tympanic Membrane
18
Q
Where is tympanic membrane on an amphibian/reptile?
A
Surface of the head
19
Q
Where is tympanic membrane on a crocodiles, birds, mammals?
A
In skull at end of EAM
20
Q
What is the external auditory meatus (EAM)
A
Tube that extends from the deep part of the concha to the tympanic membrane
21
Q
Where is the labyrinth with cochlea found?
A
Inner ear
22
Q
Which animals have 1 ossicle (columella or stapes)
A
Amphibian, reptile, bird
23
Q
Which animals have 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
A
Mammals
24
Q
Eustachian tube
A
Between pharynx and middle ear
25
Where is the organ of Corti?
Located in lagena (enlargement of sacculus)
26
Longer in terrestrial vertebrates and most mammals
Lagena
27
What is the organ of Corti?
Contain a specialized strip of neuromasts connected to nervous system via auditory nerve
28
What is the cochlea?
Specialized strip of neuromast connected to NS via auditory nerves
29
What are the characteristics of membranous labyrinth
Filled with fluid
Attached to hindbrain
3 Semicircular Canals
Utriculus
Sacculus
30
Which animal only has 1 semicircular canal?
Hagfish
31
Which animal only has 2 semicircular canals?
Lamprey
32
Deals with movement
Membranous Labyrinth
33
What makes up the outer ear?
Pinna
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
34
Evagination of first pharyngeal pouch?
Middle ear
35
What is the ossicle called in amphibians, reptiles, and birds?
Columella or stapes
36
What are the 3 ear ossicles called in mammals?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
37
What does the inner ear consists of?
Labyrinth with cochlea
38
What equalizes pressure?
Eustachian tube
39
What develops from first pharyngeal arch cartilage?
Malleus and Incus
40
What develops from the second pharyngeal arch cartilage?
Stapes
41
Where is the enlargement of sacculus located?
In the lagena
42
What are the 2 types of fluid in the labyrinths?
Endolymph -Membranous
Perilymph - bony
43
What has to do with balance/equilibrium?
Vestibules
44
Which structure deals with hearing?
Organ of Corti
45
What is found inside the canal of the membranous labyrinth?
Otoliths
Sensory hairs
46
What are otoliths?
Stones
47
What do the otolith (stones) do?
Slide along saccula and Utricle
48
What does Dynamic (Dynomite) Equilibrium deal with?
Deals with semicircular canals
More rapid movement
49
What does static Equilibrium deal with?
Head to body position
Sliding of stones (otoliths)
50
What are Weberian ossicles?
Transmits sound waves in fish
51
What do thermosensitive receptors do in snakes?
Detect touch
Temperature
Pain
52
What are loreal pits? What animal are they found in?
Detectors in a python, located inferior to nares; they are larger
53
What are labial pits? What animal are they found in?
Found in pythons around the opening of the mouth
Responsible for detecting heat, touch, and pain
54
What do photoreceptors do?
Detect light
55
What are true eyes?
Lateral eyes in reptiles
56
What is a median eye?
Pineal eye (3rd eye) in reptiles
57
Where is the median eye found?
On top of head
58
What are the characteristics of a median eye?
Has lens and cornea
Can sense light
Has NO retinal images
59
What is found on the inside of the anterior chamber?
Aqueous hummer
60
What is the iris?
Colored part of the eye
61
What is 1?
Anterior chamber
62
What is 2?
Cornea
63
What is 3?
Iris
64
What is 4?
Conjunctiva
65
What is 5?
Ciliary muscle
66
What is 6?
Rectus tendon
67
What is 7?
Zonule fibers
68
What is 8?
Visual exis
69
What is 9?
Fovea
70
What is 10?
Macula
71
What is 11?
Optic nerve
72
What is 12?
Choroid
73
What is 13?
Sclera
74
What is 14?
Optic disk
75
What is 15?
Retina
76
What is 16?
Optical axis
77
What is 17?
Posterior chamber
78
What is 18?
Lens
79
Posterior chamber is also referred to as what?
The vitreous chamber
80
Where is the vitreous hummer found?
Posterior/vitreous chamber
81
What doe the vitreous hummer do?
Holds the shape of the eye; it is like jello
82
What do cones see?
Color
83
What do rods see?
B, W, and shades of grey
84
How does the fish lens move?
Posteriorly
85
How does the amphibian/cartilaginous fish lens move?
Pulled forward
86
How does the terrestrial mammals lens move?
Curves with ciliary muscles
87
What is gustation?
Taste
88
Where are the fish taste buds located?
Roof
Wall
Floor of pharynx
89
Where are the tetrapod's taste buds located?
Restricted to tongue
90
What are the cutaneous receptors?
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
91
What are the 2 types of nerve endings?
Naked
Encapsulated
92
What are naked nerve endings?
Free nerve endings
93
What are the only truly "free" nerve endings?
Pain
Heat
Cold
94
What is the root hair plexus for?
Touch
95
What is the Krause end bulbs for?
Touch
96
What are the Merkel disks for?
Touch
97
What are free nerve endings for?
Pain
Heat
Cold
98
What are the Meissner corpuscles for?
Touch
99
What is the Pacinian corpuscles for?
Pressure
100
What is the Ruffini endings for?
Pressure
101
We can adapt to everything except what?
Pain
102
What organs are included in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Thymus
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Pineal Body
Ovaries/Testes
103
Do endocrine systems have ducts, or are they ductless?
Ductless
104
What is secreted in the endocrine system?
Hormones
105
Where does the endocrine derive from?
Germ layers
106
What are the 3 germ layers?
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
107
What does it mean with the endocrine system is ductless?
All hormones secreted are pushed into the blood
108
What is the "master gland"?
Pituitary gland; it runs everything
109
How does the pituitary gland develop?
Brain tissue started to move down (inferior)
Oral tissue moved up (superior)
110
What is the stalk called that the pituitary gland hangs from?
Infundibulum
111
Where does anterior pituitary come from?
From the mouth; Oral mucosa
112
Where does posterior pituitary come from?
Brain; neural tissue
113
Rathke's pouch ends up becoming what?
Anterior pituitary
114
Neural tissue comes down and forms the Infundibulum (which is the stalk) what pituitary is this?
Posterior pituitary
115
What is the anterior pituitary called?
Adenohypophysis
116
What is the posterior pituitary called?
Neurohypophysis
117
What does the posterior (Neurohypophysis) pituitary gland do?
STORES hormones
118
What does the anterior (Adenohypophysis) pituitary gland do?
SECRETES hormones
119
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?
ADH: Anti-Diuretic hormone -- Hormone that tells you not to pee
Oxytocin: Comfort hormone; also hormone that triggers birth; some autistic kids have a lack of oxytocin
120
Which pituitary releases oxytocin?
Posterior
121
Which pituitary releases ADH?
Posterior
122
Which pituitary releases PRL?
Posterior
123
Which pituitary releases GH?
Anterior
124
Which pituitary releases FSH & LH?
Anterior
125
Which pituitary releases FSH & LH?
Anterior
126
Which pituitary releases ACTH?
Anterior
127
Which pituitary releases TSH?
Anterior
128
What is a Foramen Cecum?
Remnant of thyroid evagination
129
What is the isthmus?
Connection of the left and right thyroid lobe
130
What is different in the isthmus?
The way the connection of the R and L sides is shaped
131
What does the isthmus release?
Thyroid hormone
132
What does the thyroid hormone deal with?
Metabolism
133
What are the 2 adrenal glands?
Medulla and Cortex
134
What would you find in the medulla?
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are released
135
What is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?
Adrenalins
136
What will you find in the cortex?
Mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids
137
What is glucocorticoids?
Cortisol/Steroids
138
What is mineralcorocoids?
Aldosterone
139
What is aldosterone?
What is secreted from the cortex
140
What is the function of aldosterone?
To conserve sodium and excrete potassium
141
What does the thymus deal with?
Immunity
142
When a chordate is born, is the thymus larger or smaller than when they are an adult?
Larger; thymus shrinks over time, immunity is already made as adults
143
Which animal can you find the Bursa of Fabricius?
Birds
144
What is the Bursa of Fabricius?
Out pocket of cloaca
What acts as thymus in birds (extra thymus)
145
Where is the thymus made from in fish?
Dorsal pouches 2,3,4,5
146
Where is the thymus made from in mammals?
Dorsal pouches 3 and 4
147
Where is the thymus made from in Amphibians?
Dorsal pouches 3, 4, and 5
148
Which pouch makes the thyroid?
Made by pouch 1
149
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
Regulates calcium levels
150
Where does the parathyroid sit?
The dorsal side of the thyroid gland
151
How many pairs of parathyroid are there?
Typically 2 pairs
152
Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in mammals?
Ventral pouches 3, and 4
153
Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in birds?
3 and 4
154
Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in reptiles?
2, 3, and 4
155
What does the pancreas do?
Regulates blood glucose levels
156
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
The duct running through it; deals with digestive part of things
157
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Deals with alpha and beta cells within the pancreas
158
What do the alpha and beta cells in the pancreas do?
Secrete glucose and insulin
159
Where is the pancreas located?
Right off of the duodenum
160
What does the pineal gland do?
Produces melatonin
Influences sleep-wake cycles
Controlled by environmental light
