Lecture Exam 4: Vision/Endocrine Flashcards
What do sense organs do?
Monitor external and internal environments
What are the special sense organs?
Hearing/Balance
Vision
Olfaction
Gustation
What are the general sense organs?
Pain
Pressure
Temperature
Touch
What do the sense neuromast organs do?
Monitors Mechanical, Electrical, and Chemical Stimuli
Which animals have a lateral line that contain neuromast organs?
Fish and amphibians
What does the ampullae of Lorenzini do?
Detects electricity
What are pit organs?
External opening of neuromast organs
Where is the pit organs in sharks?
Gill region
What are the 2 types of neuromast cells? Where are they found? What do they do?
Hair cells
Supporting cells
Inside the cupula
Move back and forth to allow them to detect what is going on mechanically
What is 1?
Cupula
What is 2?
Sensory hairs
What is 3?
Hair cell
What is 4?
Supporting cell
What is 5?
Nerve fiber
What is the external ear called?
Pinna
What does the pinna do? What animals is it found in?
Directs sound waves
Mammals
What is the ear drum called?
Tympanic Membrane
Where is tympanic membrane on an amphibian/reptile?
Surface of the head
Where is tympanic membrane on a crocodiles, birds, mammals?
In skull at end of EAM
What is the external auditory meatus (EAM)
Tube that extends from the deep part of the concha to the tympanic membrane
Where is the labyrinth with cochlea found?
Inner ear
Which animals have 1 ossicle (columella or stapes)
Amphibian, reptile, bird
Which animals have 3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Mammals
Eustachian tube
Between pharynx and middle ear
Where is the organ of Corti?
Located in lagena (enlargement of sacculus)
Longer in terrestrial vertebrates and most mammals
Lagena
What is the organ of Corti?
Contain a specialized strip of neuromasts connected to nervous system via auditory nerve
What is the cochlea?
Specialized strip of neuromast connected to NS via auditory nerves
What are the characteristics of membranous labyrinth
Filled with fluid
Attached to hindbrain
3 Semicircular Canals
Utriculus
Sacculus
Which animal only has 1 semicircular canal?
Hagfish
Which animal only has 2 semicircular canals?
Lamprey
Deals with movement
Membranous Labyrinth
What makes up the outer ear?
Pinna
External auditory meatus
Tympanic membrane
Evagination of first pharyngeal pouch?
Middle ear
What is the ossicle called in amphibians, reptiles, and birds?
Columella or stapes
What are the 3 ear ossicles called in mammals?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What does the inner ear consists of?
Labyrinth with cochlea
What equalizes pressure?
Eustachian tube
What develops from first pharyngeal arch cartilage?
Malleus and Incus
What develops from the second pharyngeal arch cartilage?
Stapes
Where is the enlargement of sacculus located?
In the lagena
What are the 2 types of fluid in the labyrinths?
Endolymph -Membranous
Perilymph - bony
What has to do with balance/equilibrium?
Vestibules
Which structure deals with hearing?
Organ of Corti
What is found inside the canal of the membranous labyrinth?
Otoliths
Sensory hairs
What are otoliths?
Stones
What do the otolith (stones) do?
Slide along saccula and Utricle
What does Dynamic (Dynomite) Equilibrium deal with?
Deals with semicircular canals
More rapid movement
What does static Equilibrium deal with?
Head to body position
Sliding of stones (otoliths)
What are Weberian ossicles?
Transmits sound waves in fish
What do thermosensitive receptors do in snakes?
Detect touch
Temperature
Pain
What are loreal pits? What animal are they found in?
Detectors in a python, located inferior to nares; they are larger
What are labial pits? What animal are they found in?
Found in pythons around the opening of the mouth
Responsible for detecting heat, touch, and pain
What do photoreceptors do?
Detect light
What are true eyes?
Lateral eyes in reptiles
What is a median eye?
Pineal eye (3rd eye) in reptiles
Where is the median eye found?
On top of head
What are the characteristics of a median eye?
Has lens and cornea
Can sense light
Has NO retinal images
What is found on the inside of the anterior chamber?
Aqueous hummer
What is the iris?
Colored part of the eye
What is 1?
Anterior chamber
What is 2?
Cornea
What is 3?
Iris
What is 4?
Conjunctiva
What is 5?
Ciliary muscle
What is 6?
Rectus tendon
What is 7?
Zonule fibers
What is 8?
Visual exis
What is 9?
Fovea
What is 10?
Macula
What is 11?
Optic nerve
What is 12?
Choroid
What is 13?
Sclera
What is 14?
Optic disk
What is 15?
Retina
What is 16?
Optical axis
What is 17?
Posterior chamber
What is 18?
Lens
Posterior chamber is also referred to as what?
The vitreous chamber
Where is the vitreous hummer found?
Posterior/vitreous chamber
What doe the vitreous hummer do?
Holds the shape of the eye; it is like jello
What do cones see?
Color
What do rods see?
B, W, and shades of grey
How does the fish lens move?
Posteriorly
How does the amphibian/cartilaginous fish lens move?
Pulled forward
How does the terrestrial mammals lens move?
Curves with ciliary muscles
What is gustation?
Taste
Where are the fish taste buds located?
Roof
Wall
Floor of pharynx
Where are the tetrapod’s taste buds located?
Restricted to tongue
What are the cutaneous receptors?
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
What are the 2 types of nerve endings?
Naked
Encapsulated
What are naked nerve endings?
Free nerve endings
What are the only truly “free” nerve endings?
Pain
Heat
Cold
What is the root hair plexus for?
Touch
What is the Krause end bulbs for?
Touch
What are the Merkel disks for?
Touch
What are free nerve endings for?
Pain
Heat
Cold
What are the Meissner corpuscles for?
Touch
What is the Pacinian corpuscles for?
Pressure
What is the Ruffini endings for?
Pressure
We can adapt to everything except what?
Pain
What organs are included in the endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid
Thymus
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Adrenal
Pineal Body
Ovaries/Testes
Do endocrine systems have ducts, or are they ductless?
Ductless
What is secreted in the endocrine system?
Hormones
Where does the endocrine derive from?
Germ layers
What are the 3 germ layers?
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
What does it mean with the endocrine system is ductless?
All hormones secreted are pushed into the blood
What is the “master gland”?
Pituitary gland; it runs everything
How does the pituitary gland develop?
Brain tissue started to move down (inferior)
Oral tissue moved up (superior)
What is the stalk called that the pituitary gland hangs from?
Infundibulum
Where does anterior pituitary come from?
From the mouth; Oral mucosa
Where does posterior pituitary come from?
Brain; neural tissue
Rathke’s pouch ends up becoming what?
Anterior pituitary
Neural tissue comes down and forms the Infundibulum (which is the stalk) what pituitary is this?
Posterior pituitary
What is the anterior pituitary called?
Adenohypophysis
What is the posterior pituitary called?
Neurohypophysis
What does the posterior (Neurohypophysis) pituitary gland do?
STORES hormones
What does the anterior (Adenohypophysis) pituitary gland do?
SECRETES hormones
What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?
ADH: Anti-Diuretic hormone – Hormone that tells you not to pee
Oxytocin: Comfort hormone; also hormone that triggers birth; some autistic kids have a lack of oxytocin
Which pituitary releases oxytocin?
Posterior
Which pituitary releases ADH?
Posterior
Which pituitary releases PRL?
Posterior
Which pituitary releases GH?
Anterior
Which pituitary releases FSH & LH?
Anterior
Which pituitary releases FSH & LH?
Anterior
Which pituitary releases ACTH?
Anterior
Which pituitary releases TSH?
Anterior
What is a Foramen Cecum?
Remnant of thyroid evagination
What is the isthmus?
Connection of the left and right thyroid lobe
What is different in the isthmus?
The way the connection of the R and L sides is shaped
What does the isthmus release?
Thyroid hormone
What does the thyroid hormone deal with?
Metabolism
What are the 2 adrenal glands?
Medulla and Cortex
What would you find in the medulla?
Norepinephrine and Epinephrine are released
What is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?
Adrenalins
What will you find in the cortex?
Mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids
What is glucocorticoids?
Cortisol/Steroids
What is mineralcorocoids?
Aldosterone
What is aldosterone?
What is secreted from the cortex
What is the function of aldosterone?
To conserve sodium and excrete potassium
What does the thymus deal with?
Immunity
When a chordate is born, is the thymus larger or smaller than when they are an adult?
Larger; thymus shrinks over time, immunity is already made as adults
Which animal can you find the Bursa of Fabricius?
Birds
What is the Bursa of Fabricius?
Out pocket of cloaca
What acts as thymus in birds (extra thymus)
Where is the thymus made from in fish?
Dorsal pouches 2,3,4,5
Where is the thymus made from in mammals?
Dorsal pouches 3 and 4
Where is the thymus made from in Amphibians?
Dorsal pouches 3, 4, and 5
Which pouch makes the thyroid?
Made by pouch 1
What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
Regulates calcium levels
Where does the parathyroid sit?
The dorsal side of the thyroid gland
How many pairs of parathyroid are there?
Typically 2 pairs
Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in mammals?
Ventral pouches 3, and 4
Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in birds?
3 and 4
Which pouches does the parathyroid originate from in reptiles?
2, 3, and 4
What does the pancreas do?
Regulates blood glucose levels
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
The duct running through it; deals with digestive part of things
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Deals with alpha and beta cells within the pancreas
What do the alpha and beta cells in the pancreas do?
Secrete glucose and insulin
Where is the pancreas located?
Right off of the duodenum
What does the pineal gland do?
Produces melatonin
Influences sleep-wake cycles
Controlled by environmental light
