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Comparative Anatomy 408 > Lab Exam 2: Turtle, Pigeon, Brain, and Eye > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2: Turtle, Pigeon, Brain, and Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What are the scutes on a turtle?

A

Plate-like scale that covers the bony shell of the turtle.

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2
Q

What is the carapace on a turtle?

A

The dorsal convex part of the shell structure.

It consists primarily of the animal’s rib cage, dermal armor, and scutes

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3
Q

What is the plastron of a turtle?

A

Thin hard shell that covers the ventral (lower side) of a turtle.

The turtle’s ribs and other bones are attached to the plastron.

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4
Q

What is the Nuchal shell on a turtle?

A

The scute directly above the head

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5
Q

What is the vertebral shell on a turtle?

A

Part of the shell that protects the spinal cord.

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6
Q

What is the costal shell on a turtle?

A

The lateral scutes (Towards the side)

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7
Q

What is the pygal shield on a turtle?

A

This shield is present just above the tail of the turtle is an extension of the spinal column.

The main work of this part is to keep the tail in place on visit at the time of use, like during urine or mating.

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8
Q

What is the marginal shell in turtles?

A

Scutes on the very edge of the shell

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9
Q

What is the lower mandible in turtles?

A

The lower jaw

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10
Q

What are the external nares in turtles?

A

their nostrils

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11
Q

What are the eyes in turtles?

A

Turtles have flat corneas and spherical lenses which allow them to see clearly both underwater and out of water.
They have an even distribution of rods and cones.

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12
Q

What is the trachea in turtles?

A

Turtles are obligate nasal breathers, taking in air through the external nares and into the internal nares to the trachea.

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13
Q

What are the lungs in turtles?

A

Turtles have lungs, which are located on either side of the heart and connected to the windpipe and throat via the trachea.

Main respiratory organ

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14
Q

What is the stomach in turtles?

A

Processes food

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15
Q

What is the pancreas in turtles?

A

produces digestive enzymes.

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16
Q

What is the anus in turtles?

A

The anus or better known as the cloaca, is used for sexual reproduction and egg laying as well as for expelling waste. They also engage in a process called cloacal respiration during hibernation.

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17
Q

What is the bladder in turtles?

A

The urinary bladder is a highly elastic single sack-like structure located along the midline of the pelvis.

Temporary storage organ for urine

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18
Q

What is the ovary in turtles?

A

Female reproductive tract
The ovary is located posterior to the lung and extends towards the cloaca

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19
Q

What is the small intestine in turtles?

A

Lining of the walls are textured. Begins to ferment leftover food to increase nutrition levels.
Divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ilium.

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20
Q

What is the large intestine in turtles?

A

Divided into cecum, the colon, and the rectum,
Dehydrates what’s left of the food from small intestine and forms it into stool.

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21
Q

What is the liver in turtles?

A

Cleans toxins out of the blood

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22
Q

What is the heart in turtles?

A

3 chambered heart
suspended between the lungs and the ribs
2 atria, 1 ventricle

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23
Q

What is the esophagus in turtles?

A

*well-developed papillae line the esophageal wall
*Muscular and contracts to transport food
*Held in place by both connective tissue and muscles

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24
Q

What is the gullet in turtles?

A

Food is taken in and passed through the gullet.

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25
Q

What is the beak in turtles?

A

Small, flat piece of bone with 2 sides that is attached to the roof of the mouth.

It is used to bite down harder when eating and it helps them to chew since they do not have teeth.

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26
Q

What is the glottis in turtles?

A

Small opening positioned behind the tongue that acts as a barrier between the pharynx and the larynx when swimming underwater, diving, or eating.

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27
Q

What is the pectoralis major muscle in turtles?

A

Paired, superficial muscle located on the anterior surface of the thoracic cage.
Found in the pectoral region.

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28
Q

What is the nictitating membrane muscle in turtles?

A

A transparent third eyelid

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29
Q

Which area of the shell is marked in yellow?

A

Vertebral Scutes

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30
Q

Which area of the shell is marked in Blue?

A

Costal Scutes

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31
Q

Which area of the shell is marked in pink?

A

Nuchal scute

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32
Q

Which area of the shell is marked in orange?

A

Marginal scutes

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33
Q

What region on a turtle’s shell is this?

A

Plastron (Underside of a turtle’s shell)

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34
Q

What part of a turtle’s shell is this?

A

Vertebral Scute

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35
Q

What part of a turtle’s shell is this?

A

Nuchal scute

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36
Q

What part of a turtle’s shell is this?

A

Costal scute

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37
Q

What part of a turtle’s shell is this?

A

Marginal scute

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38
Q

What is the larynx of a turtle?

A

The larynx is a hollow tube that sits at the top of the throat and contains anatomical features adapted to produce sound waves.

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39
Q

Name all of the areas on this turtle:

A

1: Neck
2: Mandible
3: Mouth
4: Nose/External nares
5: Eyes
6: Head
7: Nuchal scutes
8: Vertebral scutes
9: Costal scutes
10: Pygal shield
11: Tail
12: Hind leg
13: Marginal scutes
14: Nails/Claw
15: Front leg

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40
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 1 internal.

A

mouth

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41
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 2 internal.

A

larynx

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42
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 3 internal.

A

trachea

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43
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 4 internal.

A

bronchus

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44
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 5 internal

A

stomach

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45
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 6 internal

A

bladder

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46
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 7 internal

A

Large intestine

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47
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 8 internal

A

Cloaca

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48
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 9 internal

A

small intestine

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49
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 10 internal

A

pancreas

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50
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 11 internal

A

gall bladder

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51
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 12 internal

A

liver

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52
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 13 internal

A

lung

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53
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 14 internal

A

esophagus

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54
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 1 skeletal

A

humerous

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55
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 2 skeletal

A

ulna

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56
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 3 skeletal

A

radius

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57
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 5 skeletal

A

tibia

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57
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 4 skeletal

A

vertebrae

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58
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 6 skeletal

A

fibula

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59
Q

Name the anatomy that corresponds with number 7 skeletal

A

femur

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60
Q

Identify 1 in the turtle

A

Esophagus

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61
Q

Identify 2 in the turtle

A

trachea

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62
Q

Identify 3 in the turtle

A

lungs

63
Q

Identify 4 in the turtle

A

stomach

64
Q

Identify 5 in the turtle

A

left liver lobe

65
Q

Identify 6 in the turtle

A

right liver lobe

66
Q

Identify 7 in the turtle

A

gallbladder

67
Q

Identify 8 in the turtle

A

small intestine

68
Q

Identify 9 in the turtle

A

cloaca

69
Q

By looking at this claw is it a male or female turtle?

A

female

70
Q

By looking at this claw is it a male or female turtle?

A

male

71
Q

By looking at the cloaca of this turtle, is it a male or female?

A

female

72
Q

By looking at the cloaca of this turtle, is it a male or female?

A

male

73
Q

What is this a photo of?

A

Turtle skin

74
Q

What is this a photo of?

A

Turtle lung

75
Q

What is the structure labeled A and what does it do?

A

Esophagus: this is the passage from the mouth to the stomach

76
Q

What is the structure labeled B and what does it do?

A

Trachea: This is the airway/windpipe of the turtle

77
Q

What is the structure labeled C and what does it do?

A

The lungs are the two main respiratory organs

78
Q

What is the structure labeled D and what does it do?

A

Heart: The heart pumps blood through the body

79
Q

What is the structure labeled E and what does it do?

A

Stomach: This is part of the digestive tract and is located between the esophagus and the intestines

80
Q

What is the structure labeled F and what does it do?

A

Intestines: This digestive tract organ comes after the stomach

81
Q

What is the structure labeled G and what does it do?

A

Pancreas: This organ is responsible for producing digestive enzymes

82
Q

What is the structure labeled H and what does it do?

A

Liver: The liver produces bile

83
Q

What is the structure labeled I and what does it do?

A

Bladder: The bladder stores urine

84
Q

What is the structure labeled J and what does it do?

A

Rectum: This is the final part of the digestive tract

85
Q

What is the structure labeled K and what does it do?

A

Anus: This is the digestive tract’s outlet

86
Q

What is the mesentery in a turtle?

A

The mesentery is an organ which surrounds the organs of the gut and suspends them from the abdominal wall.

87
Q

what is the trachea in a pigeon?

A

The trachea is a long, cylindrical and flexible tube running backward through the neck.

It occurs beneath the esophagus and is displaced to the left in the middle region by the crop.

88
Q

What is the pigeons feather shaft?

A

The shaft that supports the vanes is called the rachis. The bottom part of the rachis is called the calamus, which is hollow, supports no vanes, and anchors the feather in a follicle below the bird’s skin’s surface.

89
Q

What is the shaft called that supports the vanes in a pigeon feather?

A

Rachis

90
Q

What is the bottom part of the rachis called?

A

Calamus

91
Q

What is the barb on a pigeon feather?

A

Barbs are branches coming off the shaft. They form the vanes. Each barb has its own central axis with barbules branching off on two sides.

92
Q

What is the barbules of a pigeon feather?

A

Barbules are mini barbs that grow from the central shaft of each barb. And the barbules have hooklets.

93
Q

What is shown in this photo?

A

Pigeon skin

94
Q

What kind of feather is this?

A

Down feather

95
Q

What kind of feather is this?

A

Filoplume

96
Q

What kind of feather is this?

A

Contour

97
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

clear fluid filling the area between the lens and the cornea, composed mostly of water; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

98
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

area of the retina where the receptor cells converge to form the optic nerve.

99
Q

What is the choroid?

A

thin, dark sheet of tissue between the retina and the sclera

100
Q

What are cones?

A

receptor cells of the retina that are responsible for perceiving color

101
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent covering that allows light to enter the eye; on a preserved specimen, the cornea is cloudy

102
Q

What is hyaloid fossa?

A

indention in the center of the vitreous body that supports the lens

103
Q

What is the iris?

A

diaphragm that regulates the size of the pupil

104
Q

What is the lens?

A

biconvex transparent structure that focuses the light coming in through the cornea and pupil

105
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

bundle of nerve cells that send signals from the eye to the brain

106
Q

What is the pupil?

A

opening through which light enters the eye

107
Q

What is the retina?

A

light-sensitive portion of the eye composed of receptor cells called cones and rods

108
Q

What are rods?

A

receptor cells of the retina that are responsible for perceiving difference in light sensitivity

109
Q

What is the sclera?

A

outer covering of the eyeball; a tough, opaque sheet of connective tissue that protects inner structure of the eyeball and helps maintain rigidity

110
Q

What is the tapetum?

A

iridescent portion of the choroid tissue

111
Q

What is the vitreous body?

A

the cavity between the retina and the back of the lens

112
Q

What is the vitreous humor?

A

viscous fluid fills the vitreous body; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

113
Q

What is the zonula cilaris?

A

ligaments that suspend the lens and stretch it to focus vision

114
Q

What brain is this?

A

Reptile/Alligator

115
Q

What brain is this?

A

Primitive fish (dogfish shark)

116
Q

What brain is this?

A

Large mammals (horse)

117
Q

What brain is this?

A

Bird (pigeon)

118
Q

What brain is this?

A

Small mammal (rat)

119
Q

What brain is this?

A

Bony fish (trout)

120
Q

What brain is this?

A

Amphibian/Frog

121
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle of three layers (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord

122
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of the brain that controls balance and muscle coordination; located inferior to the cerebrum

123
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

Channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles and containing cerebrospinal fluid

124
Q

Cerebrum

A

Two hemispheres divided by the medial longitudinal fissure; largest portion of the mammalian brain

125
Q

Choroids plexus

A

network of capillaries located in the roof of ventricles; contributes to production of cerebrospinal fluid.

126
Q

Corpus callosum

A

large band of nervous tissue that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

127
Q

Cortex

A

Outer portion of the cerebrum

128
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that leave the brain.

129
Q

Diencephalon

A

region of the brain made up of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

130
Q

Dura mater

A

tough connective tissue layer that serves as the outer layer of the meninges.

131
Q

Gray matter

A

areas of the brain and spinal cord containing cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; found in the cerebral cortex of the brain and inner portion of the spinal cord.

132
Q

Gyri

A

the folds of the cerebral cortex(singular = gyrus).

133
Q

Hippocampus

A

a region below the lateral ventricles; involved with emotional states and converting short-term memory to long-term memory.

134
Q

Hypophysis

A

pituitary gland; controls a number of endocrine glands.

135
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of the diencephalon; inferior to the thalamus and responsible for regulation and maintenance of internal homeostasis by controlling body temperature, appetite, fluid balance, etc.

136
Q

Medulla

A

the most inferior portion of the brain stem; contains centers for heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Also contains reflex centers controlling coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, etc.

137
Q

Midbrain

A

the part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon.

138
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

contains cell bodies of neurons that synapse with neurons of the olfactory nerves.

139
Q

Optic chiasma

A

crossing point of the optic nerves

140
Q

Pia mater

A

innermost of the meninges layers

141
Q

Pineal body

A

endocrine gland located in the roof of the third ventricle; secretes melatonin.

142
Q

Pons

A

anterior to the medulla; contains nerve tracts that connect the cerebellum with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.

143
Q

Sulci

A

grooves between gyri of the brain (singular = sulcus).

144
Q

Thalamus

A

part of the diencephalon, superior to the hypothalamus; serves as a sensory relay center. Most sensory nerves enter it and their impulses are sent to the appropriate cerebral region.

145
Q

Ventricle

A

one of four cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

146
Q

White matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons within the brain and spinal cord; found in the inner portions of the cerebrum and outer regions of the spinal cord.

147
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the supracoracoideus?

A

origin: coracoclavicular membrane
insertion: humerus
action: elevation of elevation

148
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the pectoralis?

A

origin: sternum
insertion: humerus
action: depression of wing

149
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the biceps?

A

origin: coracoid & humerus
insertion: posterior surface of radius, proximal end of ulna
actin: flexes antebrachium on branchium

150
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the triceps?

A

origin: scapula & humerus
insertion: olecranon process
action: extension of branchium

151
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Extensor?

A

origin: humerus
insertion: carpometatrsus
action: extends manus

152
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the flexers?

A

Origin:
Insertion:
Action:

153
Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qE1woas-SrA

A

Pigeon dissection

154
Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKZrOClCYrg

A

Turtle pt 2

155
Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsBJ4vyoLKQ

A

Turtle pt 3

Comparative Anatomy 408 (10 decks)

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