Exam 3: Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive Flashcards
gill arch, 1 side has filaments/lamellae?
Hemibranch
2 rows of lamellae/filaments?
Holobranch
looks like there is a branch but there isn’t?
Psudobranch
Prevents food particles from entering?
Gill rakers
what do internal gills develop from?
the pharynx; as evaginations called pharyngeal pouches
Branchial arch carrying two rows of respiratory lamellae/filaments?
Holobranch
lamellae/filaments only on one side
Hemibranch
resembles a gill in structure?
Pseudobranch
Which chamber on the posterior wall has no demibranch?
5th chamber
how many ‘naked’ gill slits are there?
5
What has to be included in a structure for it to be Holobranch?
- 2 Demibranches
+ - Septum &
associated cartilage - Blood vessels
- Muscles
- Nerves
Where does the interbrachial septum lie between?
Between 2 demibranches of a gill arch
Anterior & posterior walls of which gill chambers have a gill surface? (Demibranch)
1st - 4th
What are the 3 types a septum can be?
full/complete, partial, or none
How many gill slits does a bony fish have?
5
What is the cover over the gills called on a bony fish?
Operculum
Teleost =?
Bony fish
What are the gill characteristics of a Bony Fish?
no septum and free demibranches; teleost
What does a swim bladder do?
serves as hydrostatic organ
What does a hydrostatic organ do?
regulates fish specific gravity
Open/function for respiration (bowfin/lungfish)
Physostomous
Closes off/ NOT function for respiration (teleost)
Physoclistous
Directly connected to digestive tract
Physostomous
NOT directly connected to digestive tract
Physoclistous
Diffuses gas from blood
swim bladder
Muscles attached to the swim bladder contract to move air over the bladder. vibration creates sound in fish
sound production
swim bladder of lungfish has number subdivisions or septa (to increase surface area) & O2 and CO2 is exchanged between the bladder & blood
respiration
pressure waves via swim bladder and small bones called Weberian ossicles
hearing
What things help a fish to hear
swim bladder and Weberian ossicles (small bones)
Amphibians have what kind of pressure breathing?
positive pressure ventilation
How many air sacs do amphibians have?
2 simple sacs
Respiration through the skin
cutaneous respiration
Primary respiratory mode during colder temps
cutaneous respiration
Scales prevent cutaneous respirations
reptiles
Underwater hibernation - Cloaca cutaneous respiration in :
turtles
Thick skin prevents cutaneous respirations
mammals
What animals have simple sacs and NO diaphragm?
snakes and lizards
Crocodiles have a diaphragm true or false?
True
Hard shell makes expansion hard
turtles
Must use limbs for lung ventilation?
turtles
How do turtles respire?
Expels air from lungs by pushing their limbs out of shell then expands lungs
Have complex lungs with large surface areas and volume
turtle
Air sacs distributed throughout most of the body
Avian (Bird)
Where gas exchange takes place
Parabronchi
Unidirectional flow, no dead end spaces
Arrangement
What composes the upper respiratory system?
Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
What composes the lower respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea. bronchi, and lungs
Paired arytenoid/Cricoid/Thyoid/small cartilages/epiglottis
Mammals
2 pair cartilages: Arytenoid/Cricoid
Tetrapods
Which classes of animal have vocal cords
amphibians/lizards/most mammals
What animals have a syrinx
Aves (vocal cord of a bird)
True vocal cords contain no blood vessels, true or false?
True; they obtain oxygen from false vocal cords
Runs length of neck
trachea
Cartilaginous rings
trachea
Tracheal bifurcation
trachea
The act/process of inhaling (O2 from external environment) and exhaling (CO2)
respiration
Pumping of water in gills and air in lungs
ventilation
Environment exchange
external respiration
Exchange with tissues
internal respiration
Exchange through the skin
cutaneous respiration
Fissure is divided into 2 parts
Superior and inferior
IN thoracic cavity
lungs
Primary structure - alveoli
lungs
Indentation on lungs
Helium
Superior tip: Base - Inferior surface (rests on diaphragm)
Apex
Concavity for heat
Cardiac notch
Left lung is smaller or bigger than the right?
smaller than the right lung
Separated into superior & inferior lobes by oblique fissure
Left lung
Superior, middle, inferior lobes separated by oblique & horizontal fissures
Right lung
Thin, double-layered serous membrane
Pleurae
Covers inner surface of thoracic wall (heart & lungs) & extends over diaphragm
Parietal pleura
Inner layers on tip of lungs (external lung surface)
Visceral pleura
Provides lubrication & reduces surface friction to assist in expansion & recoil
Pleural fluid
The pleura cavity each contains how many lung
1 lung
What are the steps of Neg Pressure breathing
Breathing in:
1. Chest expands
2. Diaphragm contracts downward
Breathing out:
1. Chest contracts downward
2. Diaphragm relaxes and goes back up
What does the vertebrate circulatory system transport?
Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones
What does the vertebrate circulatory system consist of?
Aortic arches
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Heart
Arteries carry blood to the heart or away from the heart?
Away from the heart
Veins carry blood to the heart or away from the heart?
To the heart
Deoxygenated blood is still what % oxygenated?
75%
Aortic arches are found where?
Within pharyngeal arches
What are the characteristics of arteries?
*Carries blood away from heart
*Muscular, elastic fibrous walls
*Regulates blood pressure
*Terminate in capillary bed
What are the characteristics of veins?
*Carry blood toward heart
*Less muscle in walls, but are elastic
*Valves in some vertebrate
*Begin at the end of capillary beds
What are the characteristics of the heart?
*Modified blood vessels
*Muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
*Pacemaker - SA node (sets rhythm of heart)
Horses DO NOT have valves, true or false?
True
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) blood exchange will take place at what level?
Capillary level
How many aortic arches are there?
6 aortic arches
Vessel carrying the blood from the heart to the early aortic arches
Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis
Leads to the 6th aortic arches
Pulmonary trunk
Leads to the 3rd and 4th aortic arches
Aortic trunk
Shunts blood away from the lungs and into the dorsal aorta
Ductus arteriosus
Supplies the embryonic respiratory membranes with blood
Dorsal aorta
Which aortic arches are lost in a Teleost?
1st and 2nd
What does the dorsal aorta become in Teleost’s?
The internal carotids
What aortic arches are lost in tetrapods?
1st, 2nd, and 5th
In tetrapods, which arch does the pulmonary artery stem from?
6th arch (Dorsal segment is lost)
The dorsal segment is dropped between which arches in tetrapods?
3rd and 4th
Where is the common carotid found on a tetrapod?
Between 3rd and 4th arches
Where does the ventral aorta extend into in tetrapods?
The external carotid
Which arches are lost in Reptiles?
1st, 2nd, and 5th
Connects pulmonary artery and descending aorta ****
Ductus arteriosus
The ductus Coroticus is lost in which animals?
Reptiles
The Ductus arteriosus is lost in which animals?
Reptiles
In reptiles how are the aortic arches laid?
The left side loops right
The right side loops left
What does the aortic arches being looped help with in reptiles?
It creates a spiral to start to keep blood separated
In mammals which aortic arches are retained embryonically?
3rd, 4th, and 6th
Which aortic arches are lost in adult mammals?
1st, 2nd, and 5th
The 3rd carotid arch is found in which animals?
Mammals
The 4th systemic arch is found in which animals?
Mammals
True or False: the dorsal segment of the 6th aortic arch is lost in mammals?
True
Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in mammals
Ductus arteriosus
Which animals have a right aortic arch and have lost the left?
Birds
Mammals have a ____ aortic arch
Left aortic arch
What are the primary venous channels?
Cardinals (embryonically)
Renal portal
Lateral abdominals
Hepatic portals
Coronary veins
Pulmonary veins (higher vertebrate)
Posterior Vena Cava (higher vertebrate)
Receives blood from head
Anterior
Receives blood from kidneys
Posterior
Directs blood to sinus venosus
Common
What does the sinus venosus turn into?
The SA node (pacemaker)
Receives blood from abdominal stream to iliac
Lateral abdominals
Receives blood from caudal vein
Renal portal
Goes to liver and cleans out toxins
Vitellins
Receives blood from intestine into liver
Hepatic portals
Post cardinal is lost in most of what type of adult animal?
Anurans (Amphibians)
New vessel in amphibians
Post cava
Receives blood from the myocardium
Coronary veins
Takes blood from the lungs to the heart in higher vertebrate
Pulmonary veins
The post cava drains kidneys in which animal?
Turtle
All cardinal turn into what in amphibians?
Post cava
Common cardinals in higher vertebrate?
Pre-cava
Anterior cardinal veins
Internal jugular
Only right pre-cava retained
Anterior vena cava
Vestige of right post cardinal veins
Azygous
Remnant of left post cardinal
Hemiazygous
Post cava
Inferior vena cava
A cartilaginous fish heart has how many chambers?
Single-circuits heart with 2 chambers
In a fish heart, what receives blood from duct of Cuvier, coronary veins, and hepatic veins?
Sinus venosus
Fish heart: Thin walled muscular sac
Atrium
Fish heart: thick muscular wall
Ventricle
AV valve regulates flow between what?
The atrium and ventricle
Dumps blood into the conus
Ventricle
Leads into ventral aorta
Conus arteriosus
What prevents the backflow of blood?
Conal valves that become –> (semilunar valves)
Processes of the fish heart in order
*Starts with ventral aorta
*Then moves to the conus
*Then to the semilunar valves
*Next it moves into the ventricle
*It then moves into the atrioventricular valve
*After this it moves to the atrium
*Then to the sinus venosus
*Finally it ends at the common cardinal vein
A muscular extension of ventricle
Conus arteriosus
A muscular extension of the ventral aorta
Bulbus arteriosus
What is absent and replaced by the bulbus arteriosus?
Conus arteriosus
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
3 chambers
Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Ventricular trabeculae
Deoxygenated blood will always return where?
The right atrium
Which animals allow for oxygenated blood to return from lungs to be seperated from deoxygenated blood brought back systemically?
Amphibians
Amphibians have a partition within the atrium, true or false?
True
A reptile has how many chambers in their heart?
3 chambered heart
Reptiles have ___ spiral valve
No
Reptiles have 2, 4, or 6 aortic trunks
2
What are the 2 aortic trunks in reptiles?
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
What did the partial septum ion reptiles allow for?
Allows them to be more oxygenated
Where does the pulmonary trunk emerge from in a reptile?
Emerges from the right ventricle
Reptiles have a complete interatrial septum, true or false?
True
Mammals, crocodiles, and birds have a how many chambered heart?
4 chambers
What is the 4 chambered heart made up of?
2 atria and 2 ventricle
What does the sinus venosus become in mammals, crocodiles, and birds?
Sino-atrial node (pacemaker)
Flap on the side of the atrium?
Auricle
What kind of interatrial and interventricular septum do mammals, crocodiles, and birds have? Complete or incomplete?
Complete
In mammalian embryo where does the fetus blood oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur?
The placenta
During a dive, a crocodile does pump blood to its lungs. True or False
False, during a dive, blood is NOT pumped to the lungs
In crocodiles, what is the valve between aortic trunk to divert blood during a dive
Foramen of Panizza
In crocodiles, what allows the left ventricle to pump to both arches when right ventricle is closed?
Foramen of Panizza
What are the 3 regions of the embryonic digestive tract in a vertebrate?
The midgut
The foregut
The hindgut
contains yolk or attached yolk sac
Midgut
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
Foregut
Large intestine and cloaca
HIndgut
Function of the mouth/oral cavity
Capturing and gathering food
Taste
Manipulate fluids and solids in the cavity
Swallowing
Grooming
Speech/sound
Mouth is specialized to serve as a suckling and masticatory organ
Mammal
Do fish have a long or short oral cavity?
Very short
Do tetrapods have a long or short oral cavity?
typically longer
How far does the oral cavity go?
From the mouth to the pharynx
Internal nares empty into oral cavity
Primary palate
Nasal passages are located above the secondary palate and open at the end of the oral cavity
Secondary palate
A fish tongue is ___? Mobile or immobile
Immobile
An amphibians tongue is ___? Mobile or immobile
Mobile
soft connective tissues, and the epithelial covering that lies above the hyoid arch
Fish; immobile tongue
*Specialized tongue
*Shoots out of the mouth to capture food
*Muscle from the hyoid arch
*Connective tissues of the hyoid arch
*Epithelium of the oral lining
*Glandular field area
Amphibians; mobile tongue
Immobile in floor of oral cavity, can’t extend
Turtles, crocodiles, some birds
Curved ____ ____ allows for storage of tongue
Hyoid bone
Forked to fit into Jacobson’s organ
Snakes
Creates anterior 2/3rds of the tongue foramen cecum develops into thyroid gland
Tuberculum impar
Hyobranchial muscle which grows forward from somite regions of neck
Mammals
Which pharyngeal arch helps to develop the epiglottis?
arch 3
The tongue is attached to the floor of oral cavity via what?
Frenulum
Whate do oral glands secrete?
Saliva
Poison (snakes, lizards, mammals)
Anticoagulant (Vampire bats)
Near the lips
Labial
Near palate
Palatal
salivary gland: release venom (venom sac, where saliva is made.)
Parotid
Largest of the salivary glands
Parotid
Below mandible
Submandibular
Maxillary
Near maxilla
Below tongue
Sublingual
How do most vertebrates (except mammals) replace teeth?
In waves (Back to front)
Mammals generally have 2 sets of teeth, what are they?
Milk teeth (deciduous) and permanent teeth
What are some examples of vertebrates that are toothless
Some toads
Turtles
Birds
Baleen whales
Evolved from dermal armor
Teeth
What is the composition of teeth?
Dentin
Enamel
Pulp
Cementum
Periodontal Ligament
Like bone
Dentin
Harder than bone
Enamel
Hardest substance in the body?
Enamel
Root cavity
Pulp
Cement paradental ligament to bone
Cementum
Some bones aren’t anchored, true or false?
True
What type of animal have acrodont teeth?
Fish
What type of animals have Pleurodont teeth?
Snakes, lizards
What type of animals have thecodont teeth?
Crocodiles and mammals
Rests on lingual side (toward the tongue)
Pleurodont teeth
Sits in a socket and has a deep root
Thecodont teeth
What kind of tooth is continuously replaced?
Pleurodont teeth
All teeth are shaped alike; all look the same
Homodont dentition
Teeth exhibit morphological variation
Heterodont dentition
What type of animals have homodont dentition?
Vertebrates other than mammals
What type of animals have heterodont dentition?
Mammals
What are incisors main function?
Cutting
What are canines main function?
Piercing and tearing
What are premolars and molars main function?
Macerating
How many teeth do puppies have?
28
How many teeth do adult canines have?
42
How many teeth do kittens have?
26
How many teeth do adult felines have?
30
How many teeth do equines have?
40 or 42
How many teeth do Porcine have?
44
How many teeth do Bovine have?
32
What is the dental formula for a puppy?
i3/3 c1/1 p3/3
What is the dental formula for an adult canine?
I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3
What is the dental formula for an adult feline?
I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1
What is the dental formula for a kitten?
i3/3 c1/1 p3/2
What is the dental formula for an equine?
I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M1/1
What is the dental formula for a porcine?
I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3
What is the dental formula for a bovine?
I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3
Gives rise to slits
Pharyngeal pouches
The root of the tongue comes from which pharyngeal pouch?
2
The pharynx is a respiratory organ in which animal?
Fish
Opening that leads to the stomach?
Esophogus
Opening of auditory tube, equalize pressure
Eustachian tube
Slit to the larynx
Glottis
What covers the glottis in mammals?
epiglottis
How is the glottis divided?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach
esophogus
What is the use of the crop and which animal can it be found in?
Used to store food in birds
Muscular chamber at the end of the esophagus
stomach
What are the uses of the stomach?
Storage
Secretes gastric juices
Macerates solids
Runs from the esophagus to the stomach
Cardiac sphincter
Single chambered stomach
Monogastric stomach
Hindgut fermenters, large cecum in the back
Horses and rabbits
What are some animals that are omnivores?
Humans, rats, dogs, pigs
What animal is a carnivore
Cats
What are a couple animals that are herbivores
Horses and rabbits
What are the regions of a monogastric stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum to pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter
Pylorus (Whole region)
Rugae
Lesser Curvature
Greater curvature
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
Keeps things where they ought to be
What does the gizzard do?
Grinds up food with the help of things like stones
What are the 2 parts of a bird and crocodile stomach?
Proventriculus and the gizzard
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Teleost
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Amphibian
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Bird
Which animal does this stomach belong?
Mammal
How many chambers is a ruminant stomach (foregut fermenters)
4 chambered stomach
What are some animals that have a ruminant stomach
Cattle, sheep, goats, deer
How does an animal with a ruminant stomach eat?
They swallow their food, regurgitate it to chew on it some more before swallowing it again
Most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach
Reticulum
Honeycomb arrangement in the stomach
Reticulum
Aid in mixing
Ruman
What are the long muscular folds of rumen wall called?
Pillars
Breaks down food particles further and propels food to abomasum
Omasum
Similar to monogastric stomach “true stomach”
Abomasum
What type of stomach is this?
Ruminant stomach
What is the structure labeled 1?
Rumen
What is the structure labeled 2?
Reticulum
What is the structure labeled 3?
Omasum
What is the structure labeled 4?
Abomasum
Between the stomach and cloaca/anus
Intestines
What does the small intestine do?
Digestion
What does the large intestine do?
Absorption
The small intestine is divided into how many segments
3 segments
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
1st segment of the SI
Duodenum
The majority of the SI
Jejunum
Leads into the large intestine (colon)
Ileum
Fish and amphibians have what kind of LI (Colon)
Straight and short
Amniotes LI are divided into 3 different parts, what are they?
Colon
Rectum
Anus
What is the colon divided into?
Ascending
Transvers
Descending
Sigmoid
Allows passage from small intestine into the large intestine
Ileocecal valve
S-shaped region at rectum
Sigmoid flexure
Aids in absorption
Cecum
Common chamber for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products to empty
Cloaca
Shallow or non-existent in lampreys, ray-finned fishes, and mammals
Cloaca
If no cloaca is present the Large Intestine/Rectum opens into what?
The exterior via anus
What are the 2 accessory organs?
Liver/Gallbladder and the pancreas
What does the liver produce?
Bile
Where is the bile stored that the liver produces?
Gall bladder
The gallbladder is absent in most of which type of animal?
Birds
Secretes pancreatic juice
Pancrease
What are the 3 bile ducts called?
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Hepatic Ducts
What does the bile aid in doing?
Breaking down fats for efficient digestion
Enzymes to help digest carbs, fats, and proteins can be found where?
Pancreas
