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Comparative Anatomy 408 > Exam 3: Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive > Flashcards

Exam 3: Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

gill arch, 1 side has filaments/lamellae?

A

Hemibranch

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2
Q

2 rows of lamellae/filaments?

A

Holobranch

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3
Q

looks like there is a branch but there isn’t?

A

Psudobranch

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4
Q

Prevents food particles from entering?

A

Gill rakers

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5
Q

what do internal gills develop from?

A

the pharynx; as evaginations called pharyngeal pouches

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6
Q

Branchial arch carrying two rows of respiratory lamellae/filaments?

A

Holobranch

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7
Q

lamellae/filaments only on one side

A

Hemibranch

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8
Q

resembles a gill in structure?

A

Pseudobranch

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9
Q

Which chamber on the posterior wall has no demibranch?

A

5th chamber

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10
Q

how many ‘naked’ gill slits are there?

A

5

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11
Q

What has to be included in a structure for it to be Holobranch?

A
  • 2 Demibranches
    +
  • Septum &
    associated cartilage
  • Blood vessels
  • Muscles
  • Nerves
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12
Q

Where does the interbrachial septum lie between?

A

Between 2 demibranches of a gill arch

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13
Q

Anterior & posterior walls of which gill chambers have a gill surface? (Demibranch)

A

1st - 4th

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14
Q

What are the 3 types a septum can be?

A

full/complete, partial, or none

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15
Q

How many gill slits does a bony fish have?

A

5

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16
Q

What is the cover over the gills called on a bony fish?

A

Operculum

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17
Q

Teleost =?

A

Bony fish

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18
Q

What are the gill characteristics of a Bony Fish?

A

no septum and free demibranches; teleost

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19
Q

What does a swim bladder do?

A

serves as hydrostatic organ

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20
Q

What does a hydrostatic organ do?

A

regulates fish specific gravity

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21
Q

Open/function for respiration (bowfin/lungfish)

A

Physostomous

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22
Q

Closes off/ NOT function for respiration (teleost)

A

Physoclistous

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23
Q

Directly connected to digestive tract

A

Physostomous

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24
Q

NOT directly connected to digestive tract

A

Physoclistous

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25
Q

Diffuses gas from blood

A

swim bladder

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26
Q

Muscles attached to the swim bladder contract to move air over the bladder. vibration creates sound in fish

A

sound production

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27
Q

swim bladder of lungfish has number subdivisions or septa (to increase surface area) & O2 and CO2 is exchanged between the bladder & blood

A

respiration

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28
Q

pressure waves via swim bladder and small bones called Weberian ossicles

A

hearing

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29
Q

What things help a fish to hear

A

swim bladder and Weberian ossicles (small bones)

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30
Q

Amphibians have what kind of pressure breathing?

A

positive pressure ventilation

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31
Q

How many air sacs do amphibians have?

A

2 simple sacs

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32
Q

Respiration through the skin

A

cutaneous respiration

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33
Q

Primary respiratory mode during colder temps

A

cutaneous respiration

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34
Q

Scales prevent cutaneous respirations

A

reptiles

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35
Q

Underwater hibernation - Cloaca cutaneous respiration in :

A

turtles

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36
Q

Thick skin prevents cutaneous respirations

A

mammals

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37
Q

What animals have simple sacs and NO diaphragm?

A

snakes and lizards

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38
Q

Crocodiles have a diaphragm true or false?

A

True

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39
Q

Hard shell makes expansion hard

A

turtles

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40
Q

Must use limbs for lung ventilation?

A

turtles

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41
Q

How do turtles respire?

A

Expels air from lungs by pushing their limbs out of shell then expands lungs

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42
Q

Have complex lungs with large surface areas and volume

A

turtle

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43
Q

Air sacs distributed throughout most of the body

A

Avian (Bird)

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44
Q

Where gas exchange takes place

A

Parabronchi

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45
Q

Unidirectional flow, no dead end spaces

A

Arrangement

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46
Q

What composes the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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47
Q

What composes the lower respiratory system?

A

Larynx, trachea. bronchi, and lungs

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48
Q

Paired arytenoid/Cricoid/Thyoid/small cartilages/epiglottis

A

Mammals

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49
Q

2 pair cartilages: Arytenoid/Cricoid

A

Tetrapods

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50
Q

Which classes of animal have vocal cords

A

amphibians/lizards/most mammals

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51
Q

What animals have a syrinx

A

Aves (vocal cord of a bird)

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52
Q

True vocal cords contain no blood vessels, true or false?

A

True; they obtain oxygen from false vocal cords

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53
Q

Runs length of neck

A

trachea

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54
Q

Cartilaginous rings

A

trachea

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55
Q

Tracheal bifurcation

A

trachea

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56
Q

The act/process of inhaling (O2 from external environment) and exhaling (CO2)

A

respiration

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57
Q

Pumping of water in gills and air in lungs

A

ventilation

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58
Q

Environment exchange

A

external respiration

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59
Q

Exchange with tissues

A

internal respiration

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60
Q

Exchange through the skin

A

cutaneous respiration

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61
Q

Fissure is divided into 2 parts

A

Superior and inferior

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62
Q

IN thoracic cavity

A

lungs

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63
Q

Primary structure - alveoli

A

lungs

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64
Q

Indentation on lungs

A

Helium

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65
Q

Superior tip: Base - Inferior surface (rests on diaphragm)

A

Apex

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66
Q

Concavity for heat

A

Cardiac notch

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67
Q

Left lung is smaller or bigger than the right?

A

smaller than the right lung

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68
Q

Separated into superior & inferior lobes by oblique fissure

A

Left lung

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69
Q

Superior, middle, inferior lobes separated by oblique & horizontal fissures

A

Right lung

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70
Q

Thin, double-layered serous membrane

A

Pleurae

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71
Q

Covers inner surface of thoracic wall (heart & lungs) & extends over diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

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72
Q

Inner layers on tip of lungs (external lung surface)

A

Visceral pleura

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73
Q

Provides lubrication & reduces surface friction to assist in expansion & recoil

A

Pleural fluid

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74
Q

The pleura cavity each contains how many lung

A

1 lung

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75
Q

What are the steps of Neg Pressure breathing

A

Breathing in:
1. Chest expands
2. Diaphragm contracts downward

Breathing out:
1. Chest contracts downward
2. Diaphragm relaxes and goes back up

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76
Q

What does the vertebrate circulatory system transport?

A

Gases
Nutrients
Waste
Hormones

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77
Q

What does the vertebrate circulatory system consist of?

A

Aortic arches
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Heart

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78
Q

Arteries carry blood to the heart or away from the heart?

A

Away from the heart

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79
Q

Veins carry blood to the heart or away from the heart?

A

To the heart

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80
Q

Deoxygenated blood is still what % oxygenated?

A

75%

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81
Q

Aortic arches are found where?

A

Within pharyngeal arches

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82
Q

What are the characteristics of arteries?

A

*Carries blood away from heart
*Muscular, elastic fibrous walls
*Regulates blood pressure
*Terminate in capillary bed

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83
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A

*Carry blood toward heart
*Less muscle in walls, but are elastic
*Valves in some vertebrate
*Begin at the end of capillary beds

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84
Q

What are the characteristics of the heart?

A

*Modified blood vessels
*Muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
*Pacemaker - SA node (sets rhythm of heart)

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85
Q

Horses DO NOT have valves, true or false?

A

True

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86
Q

Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) blood exchange will take place at what level?

A

Capillary level

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87
Q

How many aortic arches are there?

A

6 aortic arches

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88
Q

Vessel carrying the blood from the heart to the early aortic arches

A

Truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis

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89
Q

Leads to the 6th aortic arches

A

Pulmonary trunk

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90
Q

Leads to the 3rd and 4th aortic arches

A

Aortic trunk

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91
Q

Shunts blood away from the lungs and into the dorsal aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

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92
Q

Supplies the embryonic respiratory membranes with blood

A

Dorsal aorta

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93
Q

Which aortic arches are lost in a Teleost?

A

1st and 2nd

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94
Q

What does the dorsal aorta become in Teleost’s?

A

The internal carotids

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95
Q

What aortic arches are lost in tetrapods?

A

1st, 2nd, and 5th

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96
Q

In tetrapods, which arch does the pulmonary artery stem from?

A

6th arch (Dorsal segment is lost)

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97
Q

The dorsal segment is dropped between which arches in tetrapods?

A

3rd and 4th

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98
Q

Where is the common carotid found on a tetrapod?

A

Between 3rd and 4th arches

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99
Q

Where does the ventral aorta extend into in tetrapods?

A

The external carotid

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100
Q

Which arches are lost in Reptiles?

A

1st, 2nd, and 5th

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101
Q

Connects pulmonary artery and descending aorta ****

A

Ductus arteriosus

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102
Q

The ductus Coroticus is lost in which animals?

A

Reptiles

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103
Q

The Ductus arteriosus is lost in which animals?

A

Reptiles

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104
Q

In reptiles how are the aortic arches laid?

A

The left side loops right
The right side loops left

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105
Q

What does the aortic arches being looped help with in reptiles?

A

It creates a spiral to start to keep blood separated

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106
Q

In mammals which aortic arches are retained embryonically?

A

3rd, 4th, and 6th

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107
Q

Which aortic arches are lost in adult mammals?

A

1st, 2nd, and 5th

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108
Q

The 3rd carotid arch is found in which animals?

A

Mammals

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109
Q

The 4th systemic arch is found in which animals?

A

Mammals

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110
Q

True or False: the dorsal segment of the 6th aortic arch is lost in mammals?

A

True

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111
Q

Becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in mammals

A

Ductus arteriosus

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112
Q

Which animals have a right aortic arch and have lost the left?

A

Birds

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113
Q

Mammals have a ____ aortic arch

A

Left aortic arch

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114
Q

What are the primary venous channels?

A

Cardinals (embryonically)
Renal portal
Lateral abdominals
Hepatic portals
Coronary veins
Pulmonary veins (higher vertebrate)
Posterior Vena Cava (higher vertebrate)

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115
Q

Receives blood from head

A

Anterior

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116
Q

Receives blood from kidneys

A

Posterior

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117
Q

Directs blood to sinus venosus

A

Common

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118
Q

What does the sinus venosus turn into?

A

The SA node (pacemaker)

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119
Q

Receives blood from abdominal stream to iliac

A

Lateral abdominals

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119
Q

Receives blood from caudal vein

A

Renal portal

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119
Q

Goes to liver and cleans out toxins

A

Vitellins

120
Q

Receives blood from intestine into liver

A

Hepatic portals

121
Q

Post cardinal is lost in most of what type of adult animal?

A

Anurans (Amphibians)

121
Q

New vessel in amphibians

A

Post cava

121
Q

Receives blood from the myocardium

A

Coronary veins

121
Q

Takes blood from the lungs to the heart in higher vertebrate

A

Pulmonary veins

122
Q

The post cava drains kidneys in which animal?

A

Turtle

123
Q

All cardinal turn into what in amphibians?

A

Post cava

124
Q

Common cardinals in higher vertebrate?

A

Pre-cava

125
Q

Anterior cardinal veins

A

Internal jugular

126
Q

Only right pre-cava retained

A

Anterior vena cava

127
Q

Vestige of right post cardinal veins

A

Azygous

128
Q

Remnant of left post cardinal

A

Hemiazygous

129
Q

Post cava

A

Inferior vena cava

130
Q

A cartilaginous fish heart has how many chambers?

A

Single-circuits heart with 2 chambers

131
Q

In a fish heart, what receives blood from duct of Cuvier, coronary veins, and hepatic veins?

A

Sinus venosus

132
Q

Fish heart: Thin walled muscular sac

A

Atrium

133
Q

Fish heart: thick muscular wall

A

Ventricle

134
Q

AV valve regulates flow between what?

A

The atrium and ventricle

135
Q

Dumps blood into the conus

A

Ventricle

136
Q

Leads into ventral aorta

A

Conus arteriosus

137
Q

What prevents the backflow of blood?

A

Conal valves that become –> (semilunar valves)

138
Q

Processes of the fish heart in order

A

*Starts with ventral aorta
*Then moves to the conus
*Then to the semilunar valves
*Next it moves into the ventricle
*It then moves into the atrioventricular valve
*After this it moves to the atrium
*Then to the sinus venosus
*Finally it ends at the common cardinal vein

139
Q

A muscular extension of ventricle

A

Conus arteriosus

140
Q

A muscular extension of the ventral aorta

A

Bulbus arteriosus

141
Q

What is absent and replaced by the bulbus arteriosus?

A

Conus arteriosus

142
Q

How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?

A

3 chambers

143
Q

Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

Ventricular trabeculae

144
Q

Deoxygenated blood will always return where?

A

The right atrium

145
Q

Which animals allow for oxygenated blood to return from lungs to be seperated from deoxygenated blood brought back systemically?

A

Amphibians

146
Q

Amphibians have a partition within the atrium, true or false?

A

True

147
Q

A reptile has how many chambers in their heart?

A

3 chambered heart

148
Q

Reptiles have ___ spiral valve

A

No

149
Q

Reptiles have 2, 4, or 6 aortic trunks

A

2

150
Q

What are the 2 aortic trunks in reptiles?

A

Left ventricle
Right ventricle

151
Q

What did the partial septum ion reptiles allow for?

A

Allows them to be more oxygenated

152
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk emerge from in a reptile?

A

Emerges from the right ventricle

153
Q

Reptiles have a complete interatrial septum, true or false?

A

True

154
Q

Mammals, crocodiles, and birds have a how many chambered heart?

A

4 chambers

155
Q

What is the 4 chambered heart made up of?

A

2 atria and 2 ventricle

156
Q

What does the sinus venosus become in mammals, crocodiles, and birds?

A

Sino-atrial node (pacemaker)

157
Q

Flap on the side of the atrium?

A

Auricle

158
Q

What kind of interatrial and interventricular septum do mammals, crocodiles, and birds have? Complete or incomplete?

A

Complete

159
Q

In mammalian embryo where does the fetus blood oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occur?

A

The placenta

160
Q

During a dive, a crocodile does pump blood to its lungs. True or False

A

False, during a dive, blood is NOT pumped to the lungs

161
Q

In crocodiles, what is the valve between aortic trunk to divert blood during a dive

A

Foramen of Panizza

162
Q

In crocodiles, what allows the left ventricle to pump to both arches when right ventricle is closed?

A

Foramen of Panizza

163
Q

What are the 3 regions of the embryonic digestive tract in a vertebrate?

A

The midgut
The foregut
The hindgut

164
Q

contains yolk or attached yolk sac

A

Midgut

165
Q

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine

A

Foregut

166
Q

Large intestine and cloaca

A

HIndgut

167
Q

Function of the mouth/oral cavity

A

Capturing and gathering food
Taste
Manipulate fluids and solids in the cavity
Swallowing
Grooming
Speech/sound

168
Q

Mouth is specialized to serve as a suckling and masticatory organ

A

Mammal

169
Q

Do fish have a long or short oral cavity?

A

Very short

170
Q

Do tetrapods have a long or short oral cavity?

A

typically longer

171
Q

How far does the oral cavity go?

A

From the mouth to the pharynx

172
Q

Internal nares empty into oral cavity

A

Primary palate

173
Q

Nasal passages are located above the secondary palate and open at the end of the oral cavity

A

Secondary palate

174
Q

A fish tongue is ___? Mobile or immobile

A

Immobile

175
Q

An amphibians tongue is ___? Mobile or immobile

A

Mobile

176
Q

soft connective tissues, and the epithelial covering that lies above the hyoid arch

A

Fish; immobile tongue

177
Q

*Specialized tongue
*Shoots out of the mouth to capture food
*Muscle from the hyoid arch
*Connective tissues of the hyoid arch
*Epithelium of the oral lining
*Glandular field area

A

Amphibians; mobile tongue

178
Q

Immobile in floor of oral cavity, can’t extend

A

Turtles, crocodiles, some birds

179
Q

Curved ____ ____ allows for storage of tongue

A

Hyoid bone

180
Q

Forked to fit into Jacobson’s organ

A

Snakes

181
Q

Creates anterior 2/3rds of the tongue foramen cecum develops into thyroid gland

A

Tuberculum impar

182
Q

Hyobranchial muscle which grows forward from somite regions of neck

A

Mammals

183
Q

Which pharyngeal arch helps to develop the epiglottis?

A

arch 3

184
Q

The tongue is attached to the floor of oral cavity via what?

A

Frenulum

185
Q

Whate do oral glands secrete?

A

Saliva
Poison (snakes, lizards, mammals)
Anticoagulant (Vampire bats)

186
Q

Near the lips

A

Labial

187
Q

Near palate

A

Palatal

188
Q

salivary gland: release venom (venom sac, where saliva is made.)

A

Parotid

189
Q

Largest of the salivary glands

A

Parotid

190
Q

Below mandible

A

Submandibular

191
Q

Maxillary

A

Near maxilla

192
Q

Below tongue

A

Sublingual

193
Q

How do most vertebrates (except mammals) replace teeth?

A

In waves (Back to front)

194
Q

Mammals generally have 2 sets of teeth, what are they?

A

Milk teeth (deciduous) and permanent teeth

195
Q

What are some examples of vertebrates that are toothless

A

Some toads
Turtles
Birds
Baleen whales

196
Q

Evolved from dermal armor

A

Teeth

197
Q

What is the composition of teeth?

A

Dentin
Enamel
Pulp
Cementum
Periodontal Ligament

198
Q

Like bone

A

Dentin

199
Q

Harder than bone

A

Enamel

200
Q

Hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

201
Q

Root cavity

A

Pulp

202
Q

Cement paradental ligament to bone

A

Cementum

203
Q

Some bones aren’t anchored, true or false?

A

True

204
Q

What type of animal have acrodont teeth?

A

Fish

205
Q

What type of animals have Pleurodont teeth?

A

Snakes, lizards

206
Q

What type of animals have thecodont teeth?

A

Crocodiles and mammals

207
Q

Rests on lingual side (toward the tongue)

A

Pleurodont teeth

208
Q

Sits in a socket and has a deep root

A

Thecodont teeth

209
Q

What kind of tooth is continuously replaced?

A

Pleurodont teeth

210
Q

All teeth are shaped alike; all look the same

A

Homodont dentition

211
Q

Teeth exhibit morphological variation

A

Heterodont dentition

212
Q

What type of animals have homodont dentition?

A

Vertebrates other than mammals

213
Q

What type of animals have heterodont dentition?

A

Mammals

214
Q

What are incisors main function?

A

Cutting

215
Q

What are canines main function?

A

Piercing and tearing

216
Q

What are premolars and molars main function?

A

Macerating

217
Q

How many teeth do puppies have?

A

28

218
Q

How many teeth do adult canines have?

A

42

219
Q

How many teeth do kittens have?

A

26

220
Q

How many teeth do adult felines have?

A

30

221
Q

How many teeth do equines have?

A

40 or 42

222
Q

How many teeth do Porcine have?

A

44

223
Q

How many teeth do Bovine have?

A

32

224
Q

What is the dental formula for a puppy?

A

i3/3 c1/1 p3/3

225
Q

What is the dental formula for an adult canine?

A

I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3

226
Q

What is the dental formula for an adult feline?

A

I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1

227
Q

What is the dental formula for a kitten?

A

i3/3 c1/1 p3/2

228
Q

What is the dental formula for an equine?

A

I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M1/1

229
Q

What is the dental formula for a porcine?

A

I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3

230
Q

What is the dental formula for a bovine?

A

I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3

231
Q

Gives rise to slits

A

Pharyngeal pouches

232
Q

The root of the tongue comes from which pharyngeal pouch?

A

2

233
Q

The pharynx is a respiratory organ in which animal?

A

Fish

234
Q

Opening that leads to the stomach?

A

Esophogus

235
Q

Opening of auditory tube, equalize pressure

A

Eustachian tube

236
Q

Slit to the larynx

A

Glottis

237
Q

What covers the glottis in mammals?

A

epiglottis

238
Q

How is the glottis divided?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

239
Q

Muscular tube connecting the pharynx and the stomach

A

esophogus

240
Q

What is the use of the crop and which animal can it be found in?

A

Used to store food in birds

241
Q

Muscular chamber at the end of the esophagus

A

stomach

242
Q

What are the uses of the stomach?

A

Storage
Secretes gastric juices
Macerates solids

243
Q

Runs from the esophagus to the stomach

A

Cardiac sphincter

244
Q

Single chambered stomach

A

Monogastric stomach

245
Q

Hindgut fermenters, large cecum in the back

A

Horses and rabbits

246
Q

What are some animals that are omnivores?

A

Humans, rats, dogs, pigs

247
Q

What animal is a carnivore

A

Cats

248
Q

What are a couple animals that are herbivores

A

Horses and rabbits

249
Q

What are the regions of a monogastric stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric antrum to pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter
Pylorus (Whole region)
Rugae
Lesser Curvature
Greater curvature

250
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Keeps things where they ought to be

251
Q

What does the gizzard do?

A

Grinds up food with the help of things like stones

252
Q

What are the 2 parts of a bird and crocodile stomach?

A

Proventriculus and the gizzard

253
Q

Which animal does this stomach belong?

A

Teleost

254
Q

Which animal does this stomach belong?

A

Amphibian

255
Q

Which animal does this stomach belong?

A

Bird

256
Q

Which animal does this stomach belong?

A

Mammal

257
Q

How many chambers is a ruminant stomach (foregut fermenters)

A

4 chambered stomach

258
Q

What are some animals that have a ruminant stomach

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, deer

259
Q

How does an animal with a ruminant stomach eat?

A

They swallow their food, regurgitate it to chew on it some more before swallowing it again

260
Q

Most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach

A

Reticulum

261
Q

Honeycomb arrangement in the stomach

A

Reticulum

262
Q

Aid in mixing

A

Ruman

263
Q

What are the long muscular folds of rumen wall called?

A

Pillars

264
Q

Breaks down food particles further and propels food to abomasum

A

Omasum

265
Q

Similar to monogastric stomach “true stomach”

A

Abomasum

266
Q

What type of stomach is this?

A

Ruminant stomach

267
Q

What is the structure labeled 1?

A

Rumen

268
Q

What is the structure labeled 2?

A

Reticulum

269
Q

What is the structure labeled 3?

A

Omasum

270
Q

What is the structure labeled 4?

A

Abomasum

271
Q

Between the stomach and cloaca/anus

A

Intestines

272
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

Digestion

273
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorption

274
Q

The small intestine is divided into how many segments

A

3 segments

275
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

276
Q

1st segment of the SI

A

Duodenum

277
Q

The majority of the SI

A

Jejunum

278
Q

Leads into the large intestine (colon)

A

Ileum

279
Q

Fish and amphibians have what kind of LI (Colon)

A

Straight and short

280
Q

Amniotes LI are divided into 3 different parts, what are they?

A

Colon
Rectum
Anus

281
Q

What is the colon divided into?

A

Ascending
Transvers
Descending
Sigmoid

282
Q

Allows passage from small intestine into the large intestine

A

Ileocecal valve

283
Q

S-shaped region at rectum

A

Sigmoid flexure

284
Q

Aids in absorption

A

Cecum

285
Q

Common chamber for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products to empty

A

Cloaca

286
Q

Shallow or non-existent in lampreys, ray-finned fishes, and mammals

A

Cloaca

287
Q

If no cloaca is present the Large Intestine/Rectum opens into what?

A

The exterior via anus

288
Q

What are the 2 accessory organs?

A

Liver/Gallbladder and the pancreas

289
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

290
Q

Where is the bile stored that the liver produces?

A

Gall bladder

291
Q

The gallbladder is absent in most of which type of animal?

A

Birds

292
Q

Secretes pancreatic juice

A

Pancrease

293
Q

What are the 3 bile ducts called?

A

Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Hepatic Ducts

294
Q

What does the bile aid in doing?

A

Breaking down fats for efficient digestion

295
Q

Enzymes to help digest carbs, fats, and proteins can be found where?

A

Pancreas

Comparative Anatomy 408 (10 decks)

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