Lecture Exam 2 vocab Flashcards
Scaling
the structural and functional consequences of a change in size and scale
biomechanics
study of the mechanical laws relating to the movement or structure of living organisms
loading
the resistance of a structure to a force
compression
when a physical force presses inward on an object, causing it to become compacted
tension
when a physical force pulls outward on an object, causing it to become stretched
Shear
produced when a pair of parallel, equal forces act in opposite directions along two faces of an object
torsion
the twisting of an object due to an applied torque
trabeculae
a small beam, strut or rod within skeletal structures like bone that reinforce internal structure
cortical bone
the strong and compound type of bone found on the outer layer of the long bones
Wolff’s Law
bones will adapt based on the stress or demand placed on them
stress
a measure of the internal forces acting within an object when an external force is applied
strain
the deformation of a material from stress
Rheology
study of flow of matter, the measurement of materials under deformation
elasticity
ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed
plasticity
the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation
strength
ability of a a material to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation
yield point
load at which a solid material that is being stretched begins to change shape permanently
fracture/rupture/failure
crack formation in hard material, breakage in soft material, outright catastrophic damage to a material
Young’s Modulus
the ratio of stress to strain, a material property that tells us how easily the material can stretch or deform
Isotropy
the material property of being directionally independent, meaning material properties are uniform in all directions
Anisotropy
the material property of being directionally heterogenous, meaning material properties differ dependent on orientation
fibroblasts
cells which synthesize the extracellular matrix and collagen
salivary glands
produce saliva, which aids in swallowing and digestion
Pharynx
muscular tube in the neck, connecting the mouth to the esophagus
esophagus
elongated organ of the digestive system which connects the pharynx to the stomach
gizzard
muscular subsection of the stomach that grinds food with the aid of ingested grit
crop
an expansible pouch of the esophagus that stores food in birds
cellulase
enzyme that catalyzes cellulose, the robust material comprising plant cell walls
pepsin
chief stomach enzyme that breaks proteins into smaller peptides
chewing the cud
when ungulates regurgitate partially digested plant material, chew it, and swallow it again
lithophagy
habit of swallowing rocks or grit in animals; can either aid in food breakdown or mitigate buoyancy
microvilli
microscopic cellular protrusions into the lumen of the intestine which increase the absorptive surface area of the digestive tract
lipase
enzyme comprising bile which lyses fats
amylase
enzyme comprising pancreatic and salivary compounds which lyses starches into sugars
intestinal caeca
pouches of the intestinal tract which allow for additional time to breakdown foods
spiral valve
the spiral arranged inner folds of the large intestine in chondrichthyans and other fishes
rectal glands
water-retention glands in the lower gut tract of sharks and rays
coprophagy
the act of consuming feces in some animals; used to process digested food to extract more nutrients
mastication
chewing in mammals, requiring precise occlusion and neuromechanical feedback
precise occlusion
the accurate means by which mammal teeth interdigitate briefly during jaw movements; useful for shearing small food particles apart
pharyngeal jaws
secondary set of jaws found in the throats of some fishes
lingual feeding
feeding using a sticky and/or ballistic tongue
pterygoid walk
means by which snakes swallow large prey by sequential and independent ratcheting of the two halves of the jaw
durophagy
crushing hard or hard-shelled prey
nectarivory
feeding on nectar
sanguinivory
feeding on blood
edentulous
lacking teeth
diastema
a gam in between tooth rows in animals like horses
lophs
enamel ridges connecting cusps in mammal molar teeth
browsers
mammals which feed opportunistically on fruits, seeds, and other plant materials
grazers
mammals which feed almost exclusively on coarse, abrasive grasses and sedges
Aspondylous
vertebrae lacking ossified centra
acoelous
vertebrae in mammals, where centra ends are flat and separated by intervertebral discs
amphicoelus
vertebrae that are concave on either end
procoelous
vertebrae that are concave on their posterior side, convex on their anterior side
opisthocoelous
vertebrae that are concave on their anterior side, convex on their posterior side
heterocoelus
vertebrae with saddle-shaped joints, allowing for more degrees of freedom for motion
arcualia
cartilaginous precursors of neural arches and spines
myosepta
sheets of connective tissue that partition successive blocks of segmental body musculature (Myomeres)
gastralia
abdominal ribs of archosaurs used in support and ventilation
plastron
abdominal covering in turtles
tribasic fin
fin structure in which there are three basal pterygiophores; found in bony fishes
monobasic fin
fin structure in which there is one basal pterygiophore; found in sarcopterygians
chiridium
muscular hind and forelimbs with complete set of digits
autopodium
distal chiridium element composed of feet (pes) or hands (manus)
zeugopodium
medial chiridium element composed of forearm or shank
stylopodium
proximal chiridium element composed of upper arm or thigh
suspensorium
a composite skeletal structure of the hyomandibula, pterygoids, and other bones that translates motion between the jaws, neurocranium, and opercular bones
hypodermis
innermost or subcutaneous layer of the skin
dermatome
inner part of the dermomyotome, mesodermal tissue that forms the connective tissue component of the dermis
cosmoid
scales consisting of two inner bony layers and an outer layer of cosmine (dentine)
ganoid
scales consisting of an outer enamel layer and inner layer of bone
stratum corneum
epidermal layer producing keratin and other cornified structures
osteoderms
bony plates in skin
rachis
central rod supporting the feather
calamus
hollow lower part of the shaft of a feather, which lacks barbs
vane
feathered region of a feather
ecdysis
molting
horns
cranial projections consisting of a keratin rind covering a bony core
antlers
temporary, bony cranial projections
