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BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 Essay Q > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Essay Q Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the sacral and cervical vertebral regions develop during the transition to land?

A

The sacral and cervical regions developed with the pelvic and pectoral girdles and fused to bear more load

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2
Q

Why was the regionalization of the cervical vertebrae important?

A

Allowed for the head to be separate from the pectoral girdle

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3
Q

What is the advantage of having a distinct lumbar region?

A

As the hindlimbs swing forward to take longer strides, there is no risk of ribs in the lumbar region contacting one another

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4
Q

What are the types of loads a material can be exposed to?

A

Compression, Tension, Shearing, and Torsion

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5
Q

How well does bone resist the types of loads?

A

Bone is very strong against compression, fairly strong against tension and torsion, and somewhat weak to shearing

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6
Q

How well do tendons resist the different types of loads?

A

Tendon is very strong against tension and torsion, but weak to compression

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7
Q

How well does cartilage resist the different types of loads?

A

Cartilage is very resistant to compression and tension

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8
Q

Define stress

A

internal resistance exhibited by a body or material when an external force is applied to it – measured in N/cm^2

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9
Q

Define strain

A

The deformation in a material when mechanical stress is applied – dimensionless

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10
Q

Elasticity

A

How quickly materials fully return to original shape

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11
Q

Plasticity

A

Point at which materials yield to permanent deformation

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12
Q

Step 1 of endochondral ossification

A

Chondrocytes at the center of the cartilage model grow and die as the matrix calcifies

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13
Q

Step 2 of endochondral ossification

A

New osteocytes cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone

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14
Q

Step 3 of endochondral ossification

A

Blood vessels invade the cartilage; new osteocytes form a primary ossification center

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15
Q

Step 4 of endochondral ossification

A

The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near the epiphyses is replaced by bone

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16
Q

Step 5 of endochondral ossification

A

Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteoblasts form the secondary ossification centers

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17
Q

Axial skeleton in fish

A

Specialized for undulatory motion; spine extended into lobed tails

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18
Q

Axial skeleton in early tetrapods

A

Under a lot of torsion – not designed for walking; eventually evolved zygapophyses

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19
Q

Zygapophyses

A

lateral processes of the vertebrae that interlock with adjacent vertebrae to prevent torsion

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20
Q

Axial skeleton in modern therapsids

A

Fusion of sacral and cervical vertebrae; removal of lumbar ribs; elongated cervical region

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21
Q

How is the hyoid apparatus important in fish?

A

Hyoid arch is involved in jaw suspension; in sharks and rays, jaws are attached to hyoid arch instead of directly to skull

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22
Q

How is the hyoid apparatus important in amphibians?

A

hyoid apparatus supports tongue – in lingual feeding, muscles squeezes hyoid out of mouth (like squeezing wet bar of soap)

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23
Q

How is the hyoid apparatus important in birds?

A

hyoid apparatus assists in tongue protrusion in woodpeckers and hummingbirds

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24
Q

Synarcual

A

In batoids and ratfishes; fused vertebrae meant to stiffen the surrounding area and support fins

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25
Q

Urostyle

A

In frogs; fused vertebral element providing more pelvic stability for muscle attachment for saltation

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26
Q

Synsacrum

A

In birds; fused vertebral elements that allow for greater load to be placed on pelvic girdle when bipedal

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27
Q

List four lineages that exhibit limb loss

A

In fish: seahorses, sunfish, catfish, and true eels; Caecilians; Snakes; Aquatic mammals

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28
Q

What lifestyles are associated with limb loss?

A

Fossoriality (burrowing) and aquatic lifestyles

29
Q

What materials are teeth made of?

A

Enamel, dentine, and cementum in mammals

30
Q

How are scales similar to teeth?

A

Early scales were composed of enamel and dentine; In chondrichthyans, placoid scales have pulp cavity as well

31
Q

Evidence of inside-out hypothesis

A

Requires evidence of odontodes forming from endoderm

32
Q

Evidence of outside-in hypothesis

A

requires evidence that odontodes form from ectoderm

33
Q

Best hypothesis for tooth evolution

A

modified outside-in: teeth form from ectoderm-endoderm boundaries; denticles were precursors to teeth

34
Q

Gegenbaum theory of fin evolution

A

Limbs are derived from gill arches

35
Q

Balfour & Thacher theory of fin evolution

A

Fin-folds (like in Amphioxus) give rise to fins

36
Q

Yonei-Tamura theory of fin evolution

A

Medial fin programming migrated to lateral mesoderm

37
Q

Supporting evidence for Balfour & Thacher

A

Metapleural folds in cephalochordates, wide fins in embryonic elasmobranchs, accessory lateral fins in acanthodians, possible fossil evidence – however, lack of embryonic evidence

38
Q

Supporting evidence for Yonei-Tamura

A

Lots of embryonic evidence – however, no way to validate with fossils

39
Q

Suspension feeding

A

feeding on suspended plankton by filtering it from the water column

40
Q

Suction feeding

A

generating negative pressure by rapidly expanding the pharynx to suck prey into mouth

41
Q

Ram feeding

A

overtaking prey by outpacing it and swallowing it whole

42
Q

Inertial feeding

A

rapid movement of head and jaws causes prey to be transported further into oral cavity

43
Q

What role do pharyngeal jaws perform?

A

Assist in transporting prey into mouth and down throat

44
Q

What are the different types of cranial kinesis?

A

jaw suspension and intracranial joints

45
Q

Types of jaw suspension

A

Autostyly, Amphistyly, Hyostyly, Metautostyly, and Craniostyly

46
Q

Types of intracranial joints

A

Metakinesis, Mesokinesis, Prokinesis, Streptostyly

47
Q

Autostyly

A

Jaw suspension in which the upper jaw is connected directly to the cranium

48
Q

Amphistyly

A

Jaw suspension in which the upper jaw is braced against the cranium in two places: anteriorly near the orbital capsule and by the hyomandibulae

49
Q

Hyostyly

A

Jaw suspension in which the upper jaw is connected to the cranium only by means of ligaments and the hyomandibulae

50
Q

Metautostyly

A

Autostyly in amphibians, ‘reptiles’, and birds

51
Q

Craniostyly

A

Autostyly in mammals

52
Q

Metakinesis

A

cranial kinesis arising from a joint between the braincase and dermal bones of the cranial vault – found in squamates

53
Q

Mesokinesis

A

cranial kinesis arising from a join tin the middle of the dermocranium, posterior to orbit – also found in squamates; mesokinetic are also metakinetic

54
Q

Prokinesis

A

cranial kinesis arising from a joint anterior to the orbit of the dermocranium – found in snakes and birds

55
Q

Streptostyly

A

dislocation of jaws to eat larger prey

56
Q

Common adaptations for fluid feeders

A

long tongue, tongue bristles

57
Q

Why are hypsodont teeth important for grazing?

A

Hypsodont teeth are very resistant to abrasion resulting from grazing

58
Q

What are some materials that plants use as herbivory defenses?

A

calcium oxalates/druse and silicates

59
Q

Difference between browsers and grazers

A

browsers eat mostly dicots (woody vegetation like shrubs) and are smaller, grazers eat mostly monocots (grass) and are larger

60
Q

Chewing vs Mastication

A

Many animals chew/bite, but only mammals truly masticate

61
Q

Why does mastication require precise occlusion?

A

The repeated chewing motion requires the teeth to return to the same spot

62
Q

Salivary gland modifications

A

Snakes: toxins injected by fangs; vampire bats: anti-coagulants; insectivores: toxins - submaxillary and sublingual glands

63
Q

How do ungulates extract the most nutrients out of their food?

A

Chewing cud for extra mechanical processing; symbiotic bacteria for cellulose fermentation – requires large storage capacity and slow passage time

64
Q

What are the three component tissues of the integument?

A

epidermis (from ectoderm), dermis (from mesoderm), Basement membrane (composed of basal lamina from ectoderm and reticular lamina from mesoderm)

65
Q

Which integument layers can give rise to bone?

A

The dermis gave rise to dermal bone and bony scales in ancient fish; dermis is responsible for most facial bones

66
Q

What tissues arise from skin?

A

scales, feathers, hair, baleen, vibrissae (whiskers), nails, claws, horns, and hooves

67
Q

Glands in the integument

A

Salt glands in crocs, turtles, and birds help excrete excess salt; uropygial gland in birds produces oils to waterproof feathers; musk glands in snakes and turtles produce noxious odors to deter predators; sebaceous glands, and mammary glands

68
Q

Functions of integument

A

insulation/thermoregulation, osmoregulation, respiration, protection, feeding (like baleen, teeth, claws), reproduction (like feathers for display)

BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (11 decks)

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