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BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a group of organisms, as represented by a phylogenetic tree or dendrogram

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2
Q

Systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships among different taxa and their classification

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3
Q

Taxonomy

A

describing and classifying species

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4
Q

Clade

A

group of organisms evolved from a common ancestor

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5
Q

MRCA

A

most recent common ancestor of a group of organisms

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6
Q

Homology

A

similarity of structures due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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7
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared, derived traits or features

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8
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

shared, ancestral traits or features

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9
Q

Homoplasy

A

similarity of character states due to similar function, not inheritance

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10
Q

Monophyly

A

a group of organisms sharing a common ancestor

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11
Q

Paraphyly

A

group including the common ancestor, but not all descendants

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12
Q

Polyphyly

A

group derived from more than one common ancestor

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13
Q

Anagenesis

A

evolution along branches (of a phylogeny)

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14
Q

Cladogenesis

A

evolution (speciation) at nodes (of a phylogeny)

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15
Q

KING Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

A

Kingdom

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16
Q

King PHILIP Came Over For Good Spaghetti

A

Phylum

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17
Q

King Philip CAME Over For Good Spaghetti

A

Class

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18
Q

King Philip Came OVER For Good Spaghetti

A

Order

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19
Q

King Philip Came Over FOR Good Spaghetti

A

Family

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20
Q

King Philip Came Over For GOOD Spaghetti

A

Genus

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21
Q

King Philip Came Over For Good SPAGHETTI

A

Species

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22
Q

Blastula

A

early developmental stage of animal embryo when it is a hollow ball of cells

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23
Q

Gastrula

A

later embryonic stage when the blastula invaginates to form an inner gut tube

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24
Q

Gastrulation

A

process by which blastula invaginates to become a gastrula

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25
Q

Archenteron

A

early or rudimentary gut tract of an embryo

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26
Q

Blastopore

A

opening of the central cavity of an embryo during gastrulation

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27
Q

Blastocoel

A

central cavity of the blastula

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28
Q

Ectoderm

A

external tissue layer of embryo; gives rise to epidermis and nerves in adults

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29
Q

Endoderm

A

innermost tissue layer of embryo; gives rise to gut lining + organs

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30
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle embryonic tissue layer; gives rise to diverse organs like muscle

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31
Q

Diploblastic

A

animals having only two embryonic tissue layers (many non-deuterostomes)

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32
Q

Triploblastic

A

animals having three embryonic tissue layers (like deuterostomes)

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33
Q

Enterocoely

A

formation of coelom from out-pocketings of the archenteron

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34
Q

Notochord

A

rod-like, rigid tube supporting the skeleton of chordates

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35
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

central nervous system structure dorsal to the notochord

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36
Q

Post-anal tail

A

tail that extends past the anus; used for locomotion (+ burial, in some cases)

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37
Q

Pharyngeal pouch/slits (pharynx)

A

feeding structure in chordates, used like a sieve for filtering

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38
Q

Endostyle

A

longitudinal, ciliated groove in pharynx; used to gather food (homologous w/ thyroid)

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39
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

retention of larval features in mature adults

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40
Q

Peramorphosis

A

delayed maturation with continued growth

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41
Q

Cephalization

A

concentration of sense organs at the anterior (i.e., head) of the body

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42
Q

Cranium

A

part of the skull that encases and protects the brain

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43
Q

Hermaphroditic

A

a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes

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43
Q

Hemal & Neural Arches

A

ventral + dorsal spinous projections of the vertebrae

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44
Q

Vertebral Centra

A

the ossified central section of the vertebrae

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44
Q

Arcualia

A

primordial or rudimentary vertebrae, made of cartilage

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45
Q

Synarcual

A

fused series of vertebral elements

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46
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

tail in which the vertebral column extends into one lobe (usually the upper)

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47
Q

Myomeres

A

blocks of skeletal muscle arranged in sequence along the flanks

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48
Q

Semicircular canals

A

interconnected tubes located in the inner ear, used to sense movement and orientation

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49
Q

Ammocoete larvae

A

juvenile stage of lamprey, resembles a cephalochordate

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50
Q

Gill (branchial) arches

A

the cartilaginous or bony skeleton supporting the gill filaments

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51
Q

Mandibular cartilage

A

the lower 1st branchial (gill) arch, becomes the lower jaw

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52
Q

Palatoquadrate cartilage

A

the upper 1st branchial (gill) arch, becomes the upper jaw

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53
Q

Spiracle

A

remnants of the 1st gill slit, used for ventilation in benthic fishes like rays

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54
Q

Operculum

A

bony or cartilaginous plate which covers the gills in ratfishes, acanthodians, and bony fishes

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55
Q

Placoid scales

A

tooth-like odontodes that cover the body surfaces of cartilaginous fishes

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56
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

stiff collagenous filaments which support the fins of cartilaginous fishes

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57
Q

Lepidotrichia

A

the bone-reinforced collagenous fin filaments which comprise the fins in bony fishes

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58
Q

Oviparous

A

egg-laying

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59
Q

Viviparous

A

live-bearing

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60
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

embryos that develop inside eggs that remain in the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch

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61
Q

Choanae

A

internal opening into the mouth, connecting to the external nostrils (nares)

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62
Q

Cosmoid scales

A

scales with inner bone layer and outer dentine (cosmine)

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63
Q

Diphycercal tail

A

symmetric tail fin in which the vertebral column extends to the tip

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64
Q

Labyrinthodont teeth

A

teeth with a depply-folded enamel structure

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65
Q

Tiktaalik

A

fossil sarcopterygian fish resembling modern amphibians and tetrapods

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66
Q

Chiridium

A

muscular limb with well-defined joints and digits

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67
Q

Acanthostega & Ichthyostega

A

early amphibian-like tetrapods

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68
Q

Pectoral- & pelvic- girdles

A

shoulder and hip skeleton supporting the fore- and hind-limbs

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69
Q

Cutaneous respiration

A

respiration using the skin

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70
Q

Metamorphosis

A

transformation process from an immature juvenile to an adult form

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71
Q

Fossorial

A

organisms which burrow and/or spend their life underground

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72
Q

saltation

A

jumping or hopping form of locomotion

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73
Q

Typanum

A

membrane comprising the eardrum, used to sense sound in air

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74
Q

Temporal fenestrae

A

lateral openings in the skulls of Amniotes

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75
Q

Bipedalism

A

walking erect on two legs

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76
Q

Carapace & plastron

A

top and bottom of a turtle’s shell, respectively

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77
Q

Endothermy

A

maintaining a constant internal temperature

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78
Q

Matrotrophy

A

where parent organisms provide a nutrient subsidy to developing young

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79
Q

Mammary glands

A

milk producing glands in mammals

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80
Q

sebaceous glands

A

sweat producing glands in mammals

81
Q

marsupium

A

the pouch in marsupials

82
Q

placenta

A

organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to a fetus, while removing wastes

83
Q

development

A

change in shape over an organisms lifespan

84
Q

growth

A

change in size over an organisms lifespan

85
Q

ontogeny

A

change in shape and size over an organisms lifespan

86
Q

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

A

3 primary germ layers

87
Q

cleavage

A

process by which the zygote undergoes cell division, forming the embryo

88
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

89
Q

blastula

A

animal embryo at a stage where the embryo is a hollow ball of cells

90
Q

gastrula

A

a hollow cup-shaped embryo having three layers of cells

91
Q

gastrulation

A

process where an embryonic blastula invaginates to form a gastrula

92
Q

Neurulation

A

the process of transforming the flat neural plate into a neural tube

93
Q

Extraembryonic

A

tissues external to the embryo, provision the actual growing organism

94
Q

Organogenesis

A

organ formation

95
Q

microlecithal

A

having a small amount of yolk

96
Q

mesolcithal

A

having a moderate amount of yolk

97
Q

macrolecital

A

having a significant amount of yolk

98
Q

coelom

A

body cavity

99
Q

blastopore

A

the opening of the central cavity of an embryo

100
Q

holoblastic

A

complete cleavage that divides the whole egg into distinct and separate hemispheres

101
Q

meroblastic

A

incomplete cleavage as a result of the presence of an impeding mass of yolk material

102
Q

Mesenchyme

A

network of loosely-connected cells

103
Q

somites

A

clumps of condensed mesoderm

104
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

digestive tract, glandular tissues

105
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to

A

notochord, muscles, connective tissues

106
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to

A

epidermis, nerves, sensory systems

107
Q

Ectoderm (neural crest) gives rise to

A

pigment, cartilage and bone

108
Q

Ectoderm (neurogenic placodes) gives rise to

109
Q

Vertebrate synapomorphies

A

Myomeres, eyes & brain, vertebrae, true head, neural crest & neurogenic placodes, muscular pharynx

110
Q

Olfactores taxa

A

Urochordata and Vertebrata

111
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates (sea squirts)

112
Q

Chordata taxa

A

Cephalochordata, Urochordata, Vertebrata

113
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Amphioxus (lancelets)

114
Q

Ambulacraria taxa

A

Echinoderms and Hemichordata

115
Q

Echinoderms

116
Q

Hemichordata

A

acorn worms

117
Q

Deuterostomia taxa

A

Ambulacraria and Chordata

118
Q

Olfactores synapomorphies

A

Primitive myomeres, striated heart tissue, and neural crest

119
Q

Chordata synapomorphies

A

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

120
Q

Deuterostomata synapomorphies

A

Radial cleavage, enterocoely, anus forms first

121
Q

Phylogenetic branch

A

Estimates time of evolutionary relationships between units

122
Q

Phylogenetic tip

A

Represents species or taxa that descended from the ancestral nodes

123
Q

What does the traditional deuterostome phylogeny look like?

A

Hemichordata were more closely related to chordata than to echinoderms, and cephalochordata were more closely related to vertebrates than urochordata

124
Q

Why are Hemichordata (acorn worms) not chordates

A

Acorn worms have a nerve cord, coelom, and pharyngeal slits. They lack a notochord however

125
Q

Which traits are lost in adult Urochordates?

A

Post-anal tail, notochord, and dorsal hollow nerve cord

126
Q

Palatoquadrate cartilage

A

dorsal part of the anterior gill arch; evolved into upper jaw

127
Q

Mandibular cartilage

A

ventral part of the anterior gill arch; evolved into lower jaw

128
Q

Notochord

A

Provides structure in chordates

129
Q

Endostyle

A

Secretes mucus to trap food particles in chordates

130
Q

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

Central nervous system in chordates

131
Q

Post-anal tail

A

Provides locomotion in chordates

132
Q

Vertebral column

A

Ossified notochord; provides stronger attachment point for muscles, rigid and elastic, arches protect nerve cord and arteries (vertebrates)

133
Q

Cranium

A

Clustering of sensory organs at head, brain protection (vertebrates)

134
Q

Neural crest

A

Gives rise to cranium and teeth (vertebrates)

135
Q

Neurogenic placodes

A

Form sensory structures (vertebrates)

136
Q

Complex eyes and brain

A

increased sensitivity to stimuli and better processing (vertebrates)

137
Q

Muscular pharynx

A

Allows for pumping of water, led to suction feeding and more efficient ventilation (vertebrates)

138
Q

Gills

A

More efficient ventilation (vertebrates)

139
Q

Pharyngeal slits

A

Slits used for absorption of nutrients from filter feeding (chordates)

140
Q

Hagfish (Myxini)

A

One nostril, single semicircular canal, isosmotic, hermaphrodites

141
Q

Lamprey (Petromyzonti)

A

2 nostrils, 2 semicircular canals, primitive vertebrae, hyperosmotic, ammocoete larvae

142
Q

What did Placoderms start?

A

First gnathostomes, internal fertilizers, paired fins, bony plates

143
Q

Cyclostomata

A

Jawless fish - Myxini (hagfishes) and Petromyzonti (lampreys)

144
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Jawed fish - Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes

145
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish; Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii

146
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish; sharks, rays, and chimaeras

147
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fish; (Neopterygii and Chondrostei) and Cladistia

148
Q

Neopterygii

A

Holostei and Teleostei; gars and bowfin

149
Q

Teleostei

A

fish with teleost scales

150
Q

Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fish; Actinistia and Rhipidistia

151
Q

Actinistia

A

Coelocanth

152
Q

Rhipidistia

A

Dipnoi (lungfish) and Tetrapods

153
Q

Dipnoi

154
Q

Tetrapoda

A

Acanthostegidae, Ichthyostegidae, and Neotetrapoda

155
Q

Neotetrapoda

A

Amphibia and more derived

156
Q

Amphibia

A

Lisssamphibia and extinct Amphibia

157
Q

Lissamphibia

A

Gymnophiona and Batrachia

158
Q

Batrachia

A

Anura and Caudata

159
Q

Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians

160
Q

Anura

A

Frogs and Toads

161
Q

Caudata

A

Salamanders

162
Q

Reptilomorpha

A

Amniotes and all more derived

163
Q

Amniota

A

Sauropsida and Synapsida

164
Q

Sauropsida

A

Testudines and Diapsida

165
Q

Testudines

166
Q

Diapsida

A

Lepidosauria and Archosauromorphs

167
Q

Lepidosauria

A

Sphenodon and Squamata

168
Q

Squamata

A

Lizards and snakes

169
Q

Eutheria

A

Placental mammals

170
Q

Metatheria

A

Marsupial mammals

171
Q

Theria

A

Metatheria and Eutheria

172
Q

Monotremata

A

Platypus and Echidna

173
Q

Mammalia

174
Q

Archosauromorphs

A

Aves and Dinosauria

175
Q

Chondrichthyes synapomorphies

A

Cartilage skeleton, placoid scales, large livers, heterocercal tail, ceratotrichia, internal fertilization, spiracle, serial tooth replacement

176
Q

Cartilaginous skeleton

A

allows for higher mobility

177
Q

Internal fertilization

A

ensures fertilization occurs

178
Q

Fatty liver

A

controls buoyancy

179
Q

Tooth replacement

A

allows for the loss of teeth

180
Q

Osteichthyes synapomorphies

A

Bony skeleton, scale armor, swim bladder, lepidotrichia, bony operculum

181
Q

Scale armor

A

increased protection

182
Q

Swim bladder

A

buoyancy control

183
Q

Bony operculum

A

protects gills

184
Q

what bones did early tetrapods lose?

A

Operculum, disconnection of shoulder from skull

185
Q

Acanthostegidae

A

exhibited enlarged notochord and loss of dorsal scales

186
Q

Ichthyostegidae

A

Exhibited robust pectoral and pelvic girdles, vertebral regionalization, and robust ribs

187
Q

What unites Lissamphibia?

A

Must lay eggs in water

188
Q

Amniotic and Cleidoic egg function

A

Allowed eggs to be laid on land without drying out

189
Q

Why are traditional ‘reptiles’ not a clade?

A

Because birds would need to be included; clade is called Sauropsida

190
Q

Examples of extinct reptiles

A

Mesosaurs, Pterosaurs

191
Q

Characteristics of Sauropsids

A

keratinized epidermis, single inner ear bone, more regionalized spine, feet rotated under body

192
Q

Squamate lineages

A

Serpentes (snakes), Scincomorpha (skinks), Gekkota (geckos), Amphisbaenia (burrowing worm-like reptiles)

193
Q

Uniting traits of squamates

A

Hemipenes - paired copulatory organs specialized for internal fertilization

194
Q

Mammalia characteristics

A

Mammary glands, hair, whiskers, sebaceous glands, 3 inner ear bones, precise dental occlusion

195
Q

Monotremes traits

A

Egg-laying (oviparous), lack nipples and external ears

196
Q

Metatherian traits

A

Marsupials; marsupial pouch, premature young

197
Q

Eutherian traits

A

Placentals; placenta, longer gestation periods

198
Q

Major eutherian lineages

A

Afrotheria, Xenarthra, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria

199
Q

In which clades has endothermy evolved?

A

Theropods (birds and some dinosaurs) and mammals

200
Q

Aves synapomorphies

A

feathers, endothermy, hollow bones, bipedal

BIOL347 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (11 decks)

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