Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
endentulism
lack of teeth
rhamphotheca
upper keratin sheath/beak
gnathotheca
lower keratin sheath/beak
serration on beak
tomia
dentition
array of teeth in jaw
occlusal surface
contact surface of teeth
cusp
raised parts of tooth on occlusal surface
Buccal
cheek/lip side of teeth
Lingual
tongue side of teeth
mesial
front teeth
distal
back teeth
Homodont
similar shaped teeth throughout mouth
Polyphyodont
teeth that are continually replaced throughout an animal’s life
Acrodont
Teeth attached to the top of the jaw
Pleurodont
teeth attached to the lingual side of jaw by ligaments
Heterodont
differences in tooth shape throughout mouth
Thecodont
Teeth are set in sockets
Diphyodont
There are only two sets of teeth present (milk and adult teeth)
Monophyodont
There is only a single set of teeth
Canines
conical, used for seizing/piercing prey or for display and/or fighting
Premolars
Primitively used for puncturing
Molars
originally used for cutting and crushing
Tribosphenic molars
Unique to mammals; form a ‘mortar and pestle’ crushing point
Protocone
part of Tribosphenic molars that fits into the taloid basin
Carnassials
Upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar in carnivorous mammals; linearly aligned and sectorial
Sectorial
sharp-edged teeth
Brachyodont
Used to describe mammals that possess teeth with low crowns and well-developed roots
Hypsodont
Increased height and extensive cementum covering on surface and between cusps; teeth more resistant to wear
Bunodont molars
Brachyodont teeth found in humans, pigs, and primitive herbivores; cusps become rounded and form grinding surfaces
Lophodont molars
Hypsodont teeth found in Perrisodactyls (horses, elephants, rhinos, and rodents); cusps blend together into lophs
Selenodont molars
Hypsodont teeth found in Artiodactyls (deer and camels); cusps remain independent but elongate caudo-rostrally
Chondrichthyan teeth
Homodont, Polyphyodont, and Acrodont
Amphibian teeth
Homodont, Polyphyodont, and Pleurodont
Neopterygian fish teeth
Homodont, Polyphyodont, Pleurodont or Acrodont, teeth may be distributed throughout oral cavity and pharynx
Squamate teeth
Acrodont or Pleurodont, Polyphyodont, Homodont or Heterodont
Archosaur teeth
Thecodont, Polyphyodont, Homodont or Heterodont
Mammal teeth
Diphyodont or Monophyodont, Homodont or Heterodont, Thecodont
3 middle ear bones in mammals
incus, malleus, and stapes
What is the incus homologous to?
Quadrate
What is the malleus homologous to?
Articular
What is the stapes homologous to?
Stapes
Jaw joint in synapsids
Articulate-Quadrate
Jaw joint in mammals
Dentary-Squamosal
Basement membrane
thin, noncellular region separating epithelium from underlying connective tissue
simple epithelium
epithelium with only 1 cell layer
stratified epithelium
epithelium with multiple layers
pseudostratified epithelium
single cell layer attached to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the surface
squamous epithelial
epithelium with a flat surface
cuboidal cells
cells are as tall as they are wide
columnar cells
cells are taller than they are wide
cilia
motile structures in uterus and respiratory system
microvilli
small, nonmotile projections that cover absorptive cell in intestines and proximal tubule of kidneys
stereocilia
long, nonmotile, branched microvilli in epididymis and vas deferens
3 main types of epithelia
simple, pseudostratified, stratified
goblet cells
cells associated with epithelium that produce and excrete mucus
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
type of epithelium with a layer of dead keratinized cells (human skin)
stratum corneum
outermost layer of dead keratinized cells in SSK epithelium
What are the layers of SSK epithelium from outermost to basement membrane
stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
exocrine glands
secrete their products into ducts
simple exocrine gland
exhibit unbranched duct
tubular gland
secretory portion is tube-shaped
compound exocrine gland
exhibit repeatedly branching ducts
alveolar/acinar glands
secretory portion is flask-shaped
tubuloacinar glands
has both tubular and acinar secretory portions
mucous glands
produce viscous substances for lubrication and protection
serous glands
produce watery substances that are rich in enzymes
mixed glands
act as a combination of mucous and serous glands
merocrine glands
release secretion via exocytosis without losing cellular components
holocrine glands (i.e. sebaceous glands)
the cells become secretory product: cells accumulate lipids, die, degenerate, and become sebum
Endocrine glands
excrete products into bloodstream
loose connective tissue
irregular arrangement of cells and fibers; more prevalent than dense connective tissue; abundant ground substance
ground substance
viscous solution of carbohydrates and glycosaminoglycans
Dense irregular connective tissue
primarily consists of fibroblasts and thick and dense collagen fibers with random orientation; less ground substance
dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers densely packed in regular, parallel orientation; provides resistance to force along a single axis
Fibroblasts
active permanent cells that synthesize all collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
Fibrocytes
inactive or resting connective tissue cells
White adipose cells
store lipids as a single droplet; highly vascularized with numerous hormone receptors; secrete leptin
Brown adipose cells
store lipids as multiple droplets; generates body heat in newborns and animals emerging from hibernation
