Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
How many liters of blood are in the human body?
5
Atrial Contraction is a ___ wave.
P Wave
What is a QRS complex?
Ventricular Contraction
What is a T Wave?
Ventricular Contraction
What does a Blip signal and what type of contraction is it?
Signals - Heart Trouble Contraction- Ventricular
Test for the heart that involves exercising on a bicycle or treadmill.
Stress Test
Test for the heart that involves just sitting.
Resting Test
The monitor that is used in ambulances that is a portable EKG.
Holter Monitor
When the heart beats too fast. (a type of arrhythmia)
Atrial Flutter
Extra abnormal heartbeats that begin in the ventricles and QRS happens too soon. (a type of arrhythmia)
Pre Ventricular Contraction or PVC
When the heart quivers instead of pumping due to disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles. There’s no heart beat. (a type of arrhythmia)
Ventricular Fibrillation
A restriction of blood supply in the tissues. Involves defibrillation.
Ischemia
When the cardiac conduction system quits.
Cardiac Arrest (Heart Attack)
The volume of blood per minute.
Cardiac Output
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Stroke Volume times Heart Rate
The amount of blood leaving the ventricles 1 time.
Stroke Volume
Number of stroke volumes per minute.
Heart Rate
What goes in must come out….
Blood
The length of stretch the harder it contracts. (think of a rubber band.)
Starling’s Law of the Heart
The regulation of heart rate that deals with fight or flight.
Sympathetic
Rest and decreases heart rate.
Parasympathetic
Involuntary or unconscious.
Autonomic
The regulation of your heart rate is ________.
Autonomic
These control blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
Increases heart rate and involves adrenaline.
Epinephrine
________ and ________ control heart rate.
Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca)
An excess of potassium in the blood.
Hyperkalemia
What are contractions everywhere?
Arrythmias
An increase of calcium in the blood that prevents heart rate.
Hypercalcemia
Hot temperature ________ heart rate.
increases
Cold temperature ______ heart rate.
decreases
If you’re mad your heart rate _______.
increases
Depression ______ heart rate.
decreases
Sex _____ heart rate.
increases
A _______’s heart rate is higher. (male or female)
female
What is the first most inner layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica Interna
What is the Tunica Interna made up of?
Collagen Fibers and Endothelium Tissue
What is the middle layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica Media
What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel?
Tunica Externa
How many layers do large arteries have?
3
How many layers do medium arteries have?
3
Arterioles have __ layers.
3
Have one layer, a precapillary sphincter, no muscles, has collagen and connective tissues and things can go through this easily.
Capillaries
These control flow of capillary beds, shift around blood and has knobs. When it closes, it diverts blood flow to capilkary beds, it is made up of smooth muscle.
Precapillary Sphincter
These surround and invade tissue.
Capillary Beds
Very small capillaries that go into medium veins.
Venules
Valves that control gravity and go into large veins.
Medium Veins
Medium veins go into _____ veins.
Large
Anything below the heart defies _____.
gravity
Have thin walls and can expand. (coronary)
Sinuses
These detect blood pressure and are green.
Baoreceptors
Identify different types of chemicals and are blue. (tastebuds)
Chemoreceptors
A connection or opening between two things that are normally diverging or branching like blood vessels it can be natural or artifical and helps bypass blood.
Anastomosis
Your portal system is in your ____.
liver
A simplest pathway is located _______.
everywhere
This circulation pathway is anastomosis and is in your fingers, toes, palms, and ears.
Arteriovenous
A circulation pathway dealing with your organs and is vein to vein.
Venous Anastomosis
A circulation pathway that is diarthrotic and is in free moving joints.
Arterial Anastomosis
Physical properties of blood flow.
Hemodynamics
What is a sphygmomanometer?
Blood Pressure Cuff
Systolic contraction pressure is _____. (high/low)
high
Diastolic contraction pressure is _____. (high/low)
low
What are your hemodynamics based on?
Blood Pressure and Peripheal Resistence
Another name for nosebleed.
Epistaxis
Hypertension has ____ signs.
no
Measures blood flow throughout the body.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
Diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure is your _____________.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
When blood leaves the brain. (disorder)
Syncope
The build up of plaque (cholestoral) along the walls of a vessel.
Atherosclerosis
Swelling is also known as ____.
Edema
Any blood pressure above 140/90 is considered _________.
hypertension
Thinning of the wall of a vessel.
Aneurysm
What are the first four phases of the cardiac cycle?
Blood from veins —— passively through atria to ventricles —– ventricular systole contracts ——- AV valves close
What are the last four phases of the cardiac cycle?
ventricular systole —— blood into arteries —– semilunar valves close ——- ventricular diastole
Stroke, Myocardial Infarctions, Arrythmias, Blindness, Heart and Lung Failure, Aneurisms, Epistaxes, and Atherosclerosis are all considered to be __________. (Hypotension or Hypertension)
Hypertension
What are the primary causes of Hypertension?
Hereditary, Obesity, and Behavior
What are the secondary causes of Hypertension?
Underlying Factors, Gestational Hypertension, Renal Failure and Heart Failure
What is involved with Gestational Hypertension?
A female being pregnant
Blood loss, dehydration, anemia, and involves genetics are all considered to be _________. (Hypotension or Hypertension)
Hypotension
Resistance of blood flow through a vessel is directly _________.
proportional
The smaller the vessel the more ____________.
peripheral resistance
When a vessel is decreased in diameter, increased in viscosity, and decrease in flow the vessel is _____.
longer
This is associated with blood vessels, it is located in the pons of the brain and controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
Vasomotor Center
Fight or flight and controls the diameter and radius of a blood vessel.
Sympathetic
This hormone controls diameter and radius of a blood vessel and causes vasoconstriction.
Vasopressin
Blood flow through the tissues go through ____________.
Capillary Walls
_________ is the ONLY thing in the capillary.
Endothelium
Bronchioles don’t have what?
Cartilage Rings
This means dilate and it is the process of allowing more air to flow through the bronchioles.
Bronchodilation
This means to constrict and less air is going through the bronchioles.
Bronchoconstriction
These alveolar cells have 95% surface area, are very thin and allow gas transport.
Squamous Type 1
These alveolar cells have 5% surface area, repair alveolar epithelium, and secrete a pulmonary surfactant which reduces surface tension.
Great Type 2
What is ventilation?
Breathing
What do you exchange in the respiratory system?
Gasses
What system provides oxygen to the rest of the body?
Respiratory System
Your nose, sinuses, and pharynx are apart of which respiratory tract? (Lower, Upper)
Upper
Your larynx, epiglottis, Bronchi, true vocal cords, glottis are apart of which respiratory tract? (Lower, Upper)
Lower
Indentations between your concha where air has to be warmed and moistened.
Meatus
This part of your nose circulates air, is covered with mucus and blood vessels and air has to be warmed and moistened.
Nasal Concha
This cavity is divided by septum.
Nasal Cavity
What are the 3 meatus?
Superior, Inferior, and Middle
What are the 3 nasal concha?
Superior, Inferior, and Middle
This lightens the weight of the skull and has cavities.
Sinuses
Sinuses over your eyes.
Frontal
Sinuses over your upper teeth.
Maxillary
Two pairs of sinuses.
Spheniod
Sinuses in the upper portion of your nose.
Ethmoid
What is your throat also known as?
Pharynx
This pharynx is behind your nose cavity.
hasopharynx
This pharynx is behind your oral cavity.
Oropharynx
Your voicebox behind your pharynx.
Laryngopharynx
This is your largest cartilage and is in front of the larynx in the lower respiratory tract.
Thyroid Cartilage
This cartilage is the band below the thyroid cartilage.
Cricoid Cartilage
The crest on thyroid cartilage. And is also known as an adam’s apple due to testosterone.
Laryngeal Prominence
What does your larynx do?
Controls airflow.
Your epiglotis, glottis, and vestibular folds all do what?
Control airflow.
What is the epiglottis shaped like?
a spoon.
Also known as your false vocal cords….
Vestibular Folds
These create sound, air flows across them and makes vibrations. They are on the bottom.
True Vocal Cords
A ____ vocal cords are thin and short.
females
A ____ vocal cords are thick and longer due to testosterone.
males
Muscles on the inside that help control epiglottis and larynx.
Intrinsic Muscles
Muscles on the outside that help control the epiglottis and larynx.
Extrinsic Muscles
C shaped cartilage and is on the outside of the trachea.
Cartilage Rings
What type of epithelial tissue is in the trachea/bronchial tree?
pseudostratified
Hairs that move dirt or pathogens out of the lungs.
cillia
Cells in the trachea and bronchials that secrets mucus and causes pathogens to get stuck.
Goblet Cells
How many lobes does the left lung have? Why?
2 because of the heart.
How many lobes does the right lung have? Why?
3 because the heart is on the left side.
Are located in the upper portion of the lungs and are the first bronchi.
Primary (main) Bronchi
Located near the center of the lungs and are the second bronchi.
Secondary Bronchi
These don’t have cartilage rings, there are respiratory and terminal and have alveolar ducts.
Bronchioles
The air sacs, squamous and great cells, and has macrophages and capillaries and is located in the lungs.
Alvelous
The more oxygen in the air sacs flow into the…..
blood
Large amounts of carbon dioxide goes from the blood to the…….
air sacs
What are your pleura?
Lungs
Covers the lungs and secrets serous fluid.
Visceral Pleura
Lines the cavity and secretes serous fluid.
Parietal Pleura
In between the viseral and parietal pleura, and secretes serous fluid.
Pleura Cavity
When the lungs contract and expand they MUST have what?
Serous Fluid
This reduces friction, creates a pressure gradient, and compartmentalizes the lungs.
Serous Fluid
Where the lungs are seperated so they wont collapse.
Compartmentalization
The pressure of air constantly around you.
Atmospheric Pressure
This pressure changes the gradient.
Intrapulmonary pressure
The larger the space= less pressure, smaller space= higher pressure.
Boyles Law
What is it called when air comes in the body?
Inspiration
Has a phrenic nerve, helps with inspiration, and contracts moving downward.
Diaphram
These muscles contract lifting the ribs up and out, has intercostal nerves, and helps with inspiration.
External Intercostal Muscles
What type of area do you need for inspiration? (large or small)
large
This happens when there is a contraction with your pectoralist minor , your sternocleimastoid, and erector spinae muscle.
Forced Inspiration
This muscle raises your chest up and head back.
Erector Spinae Muscle
This involves your diaphram, phrenic nerve, and relaxes to create a dome, relaxes and moves ribs down and in.
Expiration
When your internal intercostal muscle contracts harder moving your ribs down and in and causes your abdominal muscles to contract harder which raises your abdominal pressure.
Forced Expiration
What is epinephrine?
Adrenaline
Has ephinephrine (adrenaline) and has a sympathetic nerve. Deals w Bronchi and causes a resistence to airflow.
Bronchodialation
Has histamine, parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest) cold air, and deals with chemical irriation.
Bronchoconstriction
Normal quiet breathing.
Tidal Volume
Everything you breath out beyond tidal.
Expiratory Volume
Taking in a deep breath, everything you breathe IN beyond tidal volume.
Inspiratory Reserve
Adding, Tidal, Expiratory, and Inspiratory Volume together helps you get ……
Vital Capacity
The amount of air in dead spaces and you can’t measure it.
Residual Volume
Adding Vital and Residual volume gets you your……
Total Lung Capacity
___________ do not allow you to breathe out all your air.
Cartilage Rings
Lack of oxygen in the blood.
Hypoxemia Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen in the tissues.
Ischemic Hypoxia
Lacking of red blood cells or hemaglobin.
Anemic Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen due to something foreign.
Histotoxic Hypoxia
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Damage to the surface of alvelous and makes gas exchange hard common in smokers.
Emphasyema
Mucus that lines the alvelous
Bronchitis
What scale measures hydrogen ions? (concentration)
pH
What is the pH of the body?
7.4
Hydrogen ions in a liquid….
Concentration
The lesser the concentration the _____ the acidic.
higher
Where is your respiratory center located?
Brainstem
The control of respiration, and is stimulated by the limbic system, hypothalamus, chemoreceptors, pH of cerebrospinal fluid and the lungs themselves.
Acid Base Balance
This fluid controls acid base.
Cerebrospinal fluid
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to release what?
Hydrogen ions
Carbon Dioxide can cross the blood brain barier into what?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
When blood pH falls below 7.35 and the most common cause is hypercapnia, triggers hyperventilation and blows off more carbion dioxide than the body can produce.
Acidosis
A large amount of carbon dioxide.
Hypercapnia
When blood pH rises above 7.45 the most common cause is hypocapnia, triggers hypoventilation and reduces rate and depth of breathing and causes carbon dioxide to acumulate.
Alkalosis
Lack of hydrogen ions in carbon dioxide.
Hypocapnia
This means lack of ventilation
Hypoventilation
This means increased ventilation
Hyperventilation
This occurs when there are too many ketones in the body fluids and triggers continual hyperpenea.
Ketoacidosis
These come from incomplete fat metabolism, and they release hydrogen.
Ketones
This means deep rapid breathing.
Hyperpenea
Inflammation in lung tissue with excess fluid.
Pulmonary Edema
A condition that has excess air in the lungs.
Atelectasis
A lung condition that is painful.
Dyseupnea
Disorder that causes your breathing to stop or get very shallow (absence)
Apnea
Normal good quiet breathing condition.
Eupnea
In between cells in the capillaries.
Intervellular clefts
Large holes in the capillaries only in the kidney.
Fenestra
Process of creating a vessicle/pocket - comes through cell then removed to the other side.
Pinocytosis
Doesn’t go through clefts or create pockets, it goes straight through.
Endothelial Cytoplasma
Oxygen level is high in the…..
blood
Oxygen level is low in the……
tissues
The diffusion of water
Osmosis
Going from areas of high concentration to low
diffusion
Has to have pressure to push , Blood pressure forcing things from blood into tissue
Filtration
Arterial end oxygen goes where?
to the tissues
lots of water, and involves waste going to the blood
venule end
What is it called when blood goes back to the heart?
Venous return
Pushes blood up faster and is the first step in venous return.
skeletal muscle
the diaphram and abdominal muscles pushing blood up and is the second step in venous return
breathing
Bring excess fluid back to the heart and is involved in venous return and is the third step or factor.
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic veins and vessels both have this, prevents backflow, and when blood comes up they close, this is the fourth factor of venous return.
valves
Arteries located in your lungs, and has lots of capillary beds.
Pulmonary Arteries
Meshwork of vessels in your brain.
Circle of Willis
When the aorta gets below the diaphram
Celiac Trunk
Stomach artery that is also known as…
Gastric
Artery that is in your spleen…
Spleenic Artery
Artery that is in your liver….
Hepatic Artery
Have valves, pulsing sensation (heart pressure) and has a thin tunica media
Veins
Going from portal vein, to your liver, to your hepatic vein to your inferior vena cava is what type of circulation?
Liver Circulation
Carry lymph back to the heart
Lymphatic Vessels
Gets rid of pathogens
Immunity
You have lymph-nodes everywhere EXCEPT the ______ and _______
bones and nervous tissue
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and other microbes are considered….. (living/nonliving pathogens)
Living
Toxins, Radiation, and Chemo are considered….(living/nonliving pathogens)
Non-Living
Has T-Cells (T-Lymphocytes), and doesn’t act during puberty.
Thymus
Vessels that go in
Afferent
Vessels that come out
Efferent
Found in cortex
Nodules
In the middle of your lymphnodes and looks like a maze
Sinuses
Vessels tend to merge in ________
lymphnodes
Lymphnodes in the stomach
Cysterna Chyli
Your ____ system gets rid of pathogens
Immune
Tough connective tissue on the outside of the lymph node that prevents things from getting in.
Capsule
Underneath capsule
Cortex
Section in the middle of the lymph node…
Medulla
Looks like a kidney bean and has vessels going in and out of the lymph node.
Hilum
These are made up of B cells and T Cells and have macrophages….
Lymphocytes
Area where there is a multiplcation of disease-causing agent
Infection
This is a defense mechanism
Immunity
Abnormal body functioning is also known as
Disease
Anything there it goes after
Nonspecific resistance
goes after a specific thing
specific resistence
Reticularcytes are found in the ____ and ___
liver and spleen
Has a physical barrier, chemical barrier, and phagocytosis is involved, can have inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial proteins
Nonspecific Resistence
Neutrophils go after _____
bacteria
The process of breaking up a virus
Phagocytosis
Histocytes are in your _____
tissues
Cells found in your skin
Langerhans Cells
In blood it is called a monocyte but when it goes to the tissues it is called _____
macrophages
Endothelial cells are along the walls of __________
blood vessels
Alveolar cells are in your _____
lungs
Kuppfer cells are found in your ____
liver
Higher temperature that gets rid of pathogens
Fever
Blocks viruses from spreading to other cells involved in nonspecific resistence
Interferon
Enhances inflammation, opsonization, and cytolosis and is involved in nonspecific resistence
Complement
process of covering cell membrane, that acts as a bonding site for macrophages
opsonization
This helps form a channel through cell membranes
Cytolosis
Specific immunity is categorized in two ways what are they?
4 groups and function
Natural Acquired Active Immunity, Artificially Acquired Active Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity, and Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity are all forms of ……
Specific Immunity
When you’re sick and produce antibodies to get rid of pathogens.
Natural Acquired Active Immunity
Vaccines that cause antibodies to be produced but no signs of symptoms. (flu shots)
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
Comes from mother across placenta.
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Antibodies given to you that only last a certain amount of time.
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Have to have B and T cells, specifity, memory, clones and plasma cells are involved in this type of immunity
Specific Immunity
Goes after certain things and produces anitbodies
Specificity
When some antibodies are stored, so they can go after a specific pathogen
Memory
Duplicate and multiplied cells (antibodies) B and T cells
Clones
Action of T cells and is cell mediated
Cellular Immunity
Action of B cells and is antibody mediated
Humoral Immunity
Binding sites on antibodies
Antigen
Antigen presenting cells are ____ and _____
B cells and macrophages
Ingestion, Digestion, Residue Discarding, and Displaying Fragments are the steps to…
Breaking down an Antigen
You don’t need the whole antigen you can use _______
fragments
coordinates activity
interleukins
Pathogen plugs into antibody on ____
b cells
________ plugs into pathogen fragment on Antigen Presenting Cell
T Helper cells
These cells disrupt the membrane
Cytotoxic T Cells
These cells slow down the reaction
Suppresor T Cells
Antigen Presenting Cells are also known as
Macrophages
The reaction is excessive, excess immune reaction and has antigens (allergens)
Hypersensitivity
When your tissue attacks itself
Autoimmune Disease
When your immune system cannot identify itself
Auto Antibodies
Lacking B and T cells, or have a very small amount
Servere Combined Immunodeficency Disease (SCID)
Acquired Imunodeficency Syndrome, No t helper cells = no immune response
AIDS
Comes from cells lining the lymphnodes and blood vessels , tumors on skin, inside mouth, GI Tract, Appears as purple red or brown blotches on face usually red and is a form of cancer
Kaposisarcoma
