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Anatomy 2 > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many liters of blood are in the human body?

A

5

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2
Q

Atrial Contraction is a ___ wave.

A

P Wave

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3
Q

What is a QRS complex?

A

Ventricular Contraction

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4
Q

What is a T Wave?

A

Ventricular Contraction

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5
Q

What does a Blip signal and what type of contraction is it?

A

Signals - Heart Trouble Contraction- Ventricular

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6
Q

Test for the heart that involves exercising on a bicycle or treadmill.

A

Stress Test

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7
Q

Test for the heart that involves just sitting.

A

Resting Test

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8
Q

The monitor that is used in ambulances that is a portable EKG.

A

Holter Monitor

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9
Q

When the heart beats too fast. (a type of arrhythmia)

A

Atrial Flutter

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10
Q

Extra abnormal heartbeats that begin in the ventricles and QRS happens too soon. (a type of arrhythmia)

A

Pre Ventricular Contraction or PVC

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11
Q

When the heart quivers instead of pumping due to disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles. There’s no heart beat. (a type of arrhythmia)

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

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12
Q

A restriction of blood supply in the tissues. Involves defibrillation.

A

Ischemia

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13
Q

When the cardiac conduction system quits.

A

Cardiac Arrest (Heart Attack)

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14
Q

The volume of blood per minute.

A

Cardiac Output

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15
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Stroke Volume times Heart Rate

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16
Q

The amount of blood leaving the ventricles 1 time.

A

Stroke Volume

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17
Q

Number of stroke volumes per minute.

A

Heart Rate

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18
Q

What goes in must come out….

A

Blood

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19
Q

The length of stretch the harder it contracts. (think of a rubber band.)

A

Starling’s Law of the Heart

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20
Q

The regulation of heart rate that deals with fight or flight.

A

Sympathetic

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21
Q

Rest and decreases heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic

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22
Q

Involuntary or unconscious.

A

Autonomic

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23
Q

The regulation of your heart rate is ________.

A

Autonomic

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24
Q

These control blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

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25
Q

Increases heart rate and involves adrenaline.

A

Epinephrine

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26
Q

________ and ________ control heart rate.

A

Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca)

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27
Q

An excess of potassium in the blood.

A

Hyperkalemia

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28
Q

What are contractions everywhere?

A

Arrythmias

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29
Q

An increase of calcium in the blood that prevents heart rate.

A

Hypercalcemia

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30
Q

Hot temperature ________ heart rate.

A

increases

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31
Q

Cold temperature ______ heart rate.

A

decreases

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32
Q

If you’re mad your heart rate _______.

A

increases

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33
Q

Depression ______ heart rate.

A

decreases

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34
Q

Sex _____ heart rate.

A

increases

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35
Q

A _______’s heart rate is higher. (male or female)

A

female

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36
Q

What is the first most inner layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica Interna

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37
Q

What is the Tunica Interna made up of?

A

Collagen Fibers and Endothelium Tissue

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38
Q

What is the middle layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica Media

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39
Q

What is the outermost layer of a blood vessel?

A

Tunica Externa

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40
Q

How many layers do large arteries have?

A

3

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41
Q

How many layers do medium arteries have?

A

3

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42
Q

Arterioles have __ layers.

A

3

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43
Q

Have one layer, a precapillary sphincter, no muscles, has collagen and connective tissues and things can go through this easily.

A

Capillaries

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44
Q

These control flow of capillary beds, shift around blood and has knobs. When it closes, it diverts blood flow to capilkary beds, it is made up of smooth muscle.

A

Precapillary Sphincter

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45
Q

These surround and invade tissue.

A

Capillary Beds

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46
Q

Very small capillaries that go into medium veins.

A

Venules

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47
Q

Valves that control gravity and go into large veins.

A

Medium Veins

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48
Q

Medium veins go into _____ veins.

A

Large

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49
Q

Anything below the heart defies _____.

A

gravity

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50
Q

Have thin walls and can expand. (coronary)

A

Sinuses

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51
Q

These detect blood pressure and are green.

A

Baoreceptors

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52
Q

Identify different types of chemicals and are blue. (tastebuds)

A

Chemoreceptors

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53
Q

A connection or opening between two things that are normally diverging or branching like blood vessels it can be natural or artifical and helps bypass blood.

A

Anastomosis

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54
Q

Your portal system is in your ____.

A

liver

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55
Q

A simplest pathway is located _______.

A

everywhere

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56
Q

This circulation pathway is anastomosis and is in your fingers, toes, palms, and ears.

A

Arteriovenous

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57
Q

A circulation pathway dealing with your organs and is vein to vein.

A

Venous Anastomosis

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58
Q

A circulation pathway that is diarthrotic and is in free moving joints.

A

Arterial Anastomosis

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59
Q

Physical properties of blood flow.

A

Hemodynamics

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60
Q

What is a sphygmomanometer?

A

Blood Pressure Cuff

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61
Q

Systolic contraction pressure is _____. (high/low)

A

high

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62
Q

Diastolic contraction pressure is _____. (high/low)

A

low

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63
Q

What are your hemodynamics based on?

A

Blood Pressure and Peripheal Resistence

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64
Q

Another name for nosebleed.

A

Epistaxis

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65
Q

Hypertension has ____ signs.

A

no

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66
Q

Measures blood flow throughout the body.

A

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

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67
Q

Diastolic + 1/3 of pulse pressure is your _____________.

A

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

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68
Q

When blood leaves the brain. (disorder)

A

Syncope

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69
Q

The build up of plaque (cholestoral) along the walls of a vessel.

A

Atherosclerosis

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70
Q

Swelling is also known as ____.

A

Edema

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71
Q

Any blood pressure above 140/90 is considered _________.

A

hypertension

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72
Q

Thinning of the wall of a vessel.

A

Aneurysm

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73
Q

What are the first four phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood from veins —— passively through atria to ventricles —– ventricular systole contracts ——- AV valves close

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74
Q

What are the last four phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

ventricular systole —— blood into arteries —– semilunar valves close ——- ventricular diastole

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75
Q

Stroke, Myocardial Infarctions, Arrythmias, Blindness, Heart and Lung Failure, Aneurisms, Epistaxes, and Atherosclerosis are all considered to be __________. (Hypotension or Hypertension)

A

Hypertension

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76
Q

What are the primary causes of Hypertension?

A

Hereditary, Obesity, and Behavior

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77
Q

What are the secondary causes of Hypertension?

A

Underlying Factors, Gestational Hypertension, Renal Failure and Heart Failure

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78
Q

What is involved with Gestational Hypertension?

A

A female being pregnant

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79
Q

Blood loss, dehydration, anemia, and involves genetics are all considered to be _________. (Hypotension or Hypertension)

A

Hypotension

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80
Q

Resistance of blood flow through a vessel is directly _________.

A

proportional

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81
Q

The smaller the vessel the more ____________.

A

peripheral resistance

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82
Q

When a vessel is decreased in diameter, increased in viscosity, and decrease in flow the vessel is _____.

A

longer

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83
Q

This is associated with blood vessels, it is located in the pons of the brain and controls vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

A

Vasomotor Center

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84
Q

Fight or flight and controls the diameter and radius of a blood vessel.

A

Sympathetic

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85
Q

This hormone controls diameter and radius of a blood vessel and causes vasoconstriction.

A

Vasopressin

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86
Q

Blood flow through the tissues go through ____________.

A

Capillary Walls

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87
Q

_________ is the ONLY thing in the capillary.

A

Endothelium

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88
Q

Bronchioles don’t have what?

A

Cartilage Rings

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89
Q

This means dilate and it is the process of allowing more air to flow through the bronchioles.

A

Bronchodilation

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90
Q

This means to constrict and less air is going through the bronchioles.

A

Bronchoconstriction

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91
Q

These alveolar cells have 95% surface area, are very thin and allow gas transport.

A

Squamous Type 1

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92
Q

These alveolar cells have 5% surface area, repair alveolar epithelium, and secrete a pulmonary surfactant which reduces surface tension.

A

Great Type 2

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93
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Breathing

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94
Q

What do you exchange in the respiratory system?

A

Gasses

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95
Q

What system provides oxygen to the rest of the body?

A

Respiratory System

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96
Q

Your nose, sinuses, and pharynx are apart of which respiratory tract? (Lower, Upper)

A

Upper

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97
Q

Your larynx, epiglottis, Bronchi, true vocal cords, glottis are apart of which respiratory tract? (Lower, Upper)

A

Lower

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98
Q

Indentations between your concha where air has to be warmed and moistened.

A

Meatus

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99
Q

This part of your nose circulates air, is covered with mucus and blood vessels and air has to be warmed and moistened.

A

Nasal Concha

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100
Q

This cavity is divided by septum.

A

Nasal Cavity

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101
Q

What are the 3 meatus?

A

Superior, Inferior, and Middle

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102
Q

What are the 3 nasal concha?

A

Superior, Inferior, and Middle

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103
Q

This lightens the weight of the skull and has cavities.

A

Sinuses

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104
Q

Sinuses over your eyes.

A

Frontal

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105
Q

Sinuses over your upper teeth.

A

Maxillary

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106
Q

Two pairs of sinuses.

A

Spheniod

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107
Q

Sinuses in the upper portion of your nose.

A

Ethmoid

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108
Q

What is your throat also known as?

A

Pharynx

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109
Q

This pharynx is behind your nose cavity.

A

hasopharynx

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110
Q

This pharynx is behind your oral cavity.

A

Oropharynx

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111
Q

Your voicebox behind your pharynx.

A

Laryngopharynx

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112
Q

This is your largest cartilage and is in front of the larynx in the lower respiratory tract.

A

Thyroid Cartilage

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113
Q

This cartilage is the band below the thyroid cartilage.

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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114
Q

The crest on thyroid cartilage. And is also known as an adam’s apple due to testosterone.

A

Laryngeal Prominence

115
Q

What does your larynx do?

A

Controls airflow.

116
Q

Your epiglotis, glottis, and vestibular folds all do what?

A

Control airflow.

117
Q

What is the epiglottis shaped like?

A

a spoon.

118
Q

Also known as your false vocal cords….

A

Vestibular Folds

119
Q

These create sound, air flows across them and makes vibrations. They are on the bottom.

A

True Vocal Cords

120
Q

A ____ vocal cords are thin and short.

A

females

121
Q

A ____ vocal cords are thick and longer due to testosterone.

A

males

122
Q

Muscles on the inside that help control epiglottis and larynx.

A

Intrinsic Muscles

123
Q

Muscles on the outside that help control the epiglottis and larynx.

A

Extrinsic Muscles

124
Q

C shaped cartilage and is on the outside of the trachea.

A

Cartilage Rings

125
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is in the trachea/bronchial tree?

A

pseudostratified

126
Q

Hairs that move dirt or pathogens out of the lungs.

A

cillia

127
Q

Cells in the trachea and bronchials that secrets mucus and causes pathogens to get stuck.

A

Goblet Cells

128
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have? Why?

A

2 because of the heart.

129
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? Why?

A

3 because the heart is on the left side.

130
Q

Are located in the upper portion of the lungs and are the first bronchi.

A

Primary (main) Bronchi

131
Q

Located near the center of the lungs and are the second bronchi.

A

Secondary Bronchi

132
Q

These don’t have cartilage rings, there are respiratory and terminal and have alveolar ducts.

A

Bronchioles

133
Q

The air sacs, squamous and great cells, and has macrophages and capillaries and is located in the lungs.

A

Alvelous

134
Q

The more oxygen in the air sacs flow into the…..

A

blood

135
Q

Large amounts of carbon dioxide goes from the blood to the…….

A

air sacs

136
Q

What are your pleura?

A

Lungs

137
Q

Covers the lungs and secrets serous fluid.

A

Visceral Pleura

138
Q

Lines the cavity and secretes serous fluid.

A

Parietal Pleura

139
Q

In between the viseral and parietal pleura, and secretes serous fluid.

A

Pleura Cavity

140
Q

When the lungs contract and expand they MUST have what?

A

Serous Fluid

141
Q

This reduces friction, creates a pressure gradient, and compartmentalizes the lungs.

A

Serous Fluid

142
Q

Where the lungs are seperated so they wont collapse.

A

Compartmentalization

143
Q

The pressure of air constantly around you.

A

Atmospheric Pressure

144
Q

This pressure changes the gradient.

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

145
Q

The larger the space= less pressure, smaller space= higher pressure.

A

Boyles Law

146
Q

What is it called when air comes in the body?

A

Inspiration

147
Q

Has a phrenic nerve, helps with inspiration, and contracts moving downward.

A

Diaphram

148
Q

These muscles contract lifting the ribs up and out, has intercostal nerves, and helps with inspiration.

A

External Intercostal Muscles

149
Q

What type of area do you need for inspiration? (large or small)

A

large

150
Q

This happens when there is a contraction with your pectoralist minor , your sternocleimastoid, and erector spinae muscle.

A

Forced Inspiration

151
Q

This muscle raises your chest up and head back.

A

Erector Spinae Muscle

152
Q

This involves your diaphram, phrenic nerve, and relaxes to create a dome, relaxes and moves ribs down and in.

A

Expiration

153
Q

When your internal intercostal muscle contracts harder moving your ribs down and in and causes your abdominal muscles to contract harder which raises your abdominal pressure.

A

Forced Expiration

154
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Adrenaline

155
Q

Has ephinephrine (adrenaline) and has a sympathetic nerve. Deals w Bronchi and causes a resistence to airflow.

A

Bronchodialation

156
Q

Has histamine, parasympathetic nerves (rest and digest) cold air, and deals with chemical irriation.

A

Bronchoconstriction

157
Q

Normal quiet breathing.

A

Tidal Volume

158
Q

Everything you breath out beyond tidal.

A

Expiratory Volume

159
Q

Taking in a deep breath, everything you breathe IN beyond tidal volume.

A

Inspiratory Reserve

160
Q

Adding, Tidal, Expiratory, and Inspiratory Volume together helps you get ……

A

Vital Capacity

161
Q

The amount of air in dead spaces and you can’t measure it.

A

Residual Volume

162
Q

Adding Vital and Residual volume gets you your……

A

Total Lung Capacity

163
Q

___________ do not allow you to breathe out all your air.

A

Cartilage Rings

164
Q

Lack of oxygen in the blood.

A

Hypoxemia Hypoxia

165
Q

Lack of oxygen in the tissues.

A

Ischemic Hypoxia

166
Q

Lacking of red blood cells or hemaglobin.

A

Anemic Hypoxia

167
Q

Lack of oxygen due to something foreign.

A

Histotoxic Hypoxia

168
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

169
Q

Damage to the surface of alvelous and makes gas exchange hard common in smokers.

A

Emphasyema

170
Q

Mucus that lines the alvelous

A

Bronchitis

171
Q

What scale measures hydrogen ions? (concentration)

A

pH

172
Q

What is the pH of the body?

A

7.4

173
Q

Hydrogen ions in a liquid….

A

Concentration

174
Q

The lesser the concentration the _____ the acidic.

A

higher

175
Q

Where is your respiratory center located?

A

Brainstem

176
Q

The control of respiration, and is stimulated by the limbic system, hypothalamus, chemoreceptors, pH of cerebrospinal fluid and the lungs themselves.

A

Acid Base Balance

177
Q

This fluid controls acid base.

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

178
Q

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to release what?

A

Hydrogen ions

179
Q

Carbon Dioxide can cross the blood brain barier into what?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

180
Q

When blood pH falls below 7.35 and the most common cause is hypercapnia, triggers hyperventilation and blows off more carbion dioxide than the body can produce.

A

Acidosis

181
Q

A large amount of carbon dioxide.

A

Hypercapnia

182
Q

When blood pH rises above 7.45 the most common cause is hypocapnia, triggers hypoventilation and reduces rate and depth of breathing and causes carbon dioxide to acumulate.

A

Alkalosis

183
Q

Lack of hydrogen ions in carbon dioxide.

A

Hypocapnia

184
Q

This means lack of ventilation

A

Hypoventilation

185
Q

This means increased ventilation

A

Hyperventilation

186
Q

This occurs when there are too many ketones in the body fluids and triggers continual hyperpenea.

A

Ketoacidosis

187
Q

These come from incomplete fat metabolism, and they release hydrogen.

A

Ketones

188
Q

This means deep rapid breathing.

A

Hyperpenea

189
Q

Inflammation in lung tissue with excess fluid.

A

Pulmonary Edema

190
Q

A condition that has excess air in the lungs.

A

Atelectasis

191
Q

A lung condition that is painful.

A

Dyseupnea

192
Q

Disorder that causes your breathing to stop or get very shallow (absence)

A

Apnea

193
Q

Normal good quiet breathing condition.

A

Eupnea

194
Q

In between cells in the capillaries.

A

Intervellular clefts

195
Q

Large holes in the capillaries only in the kidney.

A

Fenestra

196
Q

Process of creating a vessicle/pocket - comes through cell then removed to the other side.

A

Pinocytosis

197
Q

Doesn’t go through clefts or create pockets, it goes straight through.

A

Endothelial Cytoplasma

198
Q

Oxygen level is high in the…..

A

blood

199
Q

Oxygen level is low in the……

A

tissues

200
Q

The diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

201
Q

Going from areas of high concentration to low

A

diffusion

202
Q

Has to have pressure to push , Blood pressure forcing things from blood into tissue

A

Filtration

203
Q

Arterial end oxygen goes where?

A

to the tissues

204
Q

lots of water, and involves waste going to the blood

A

venule end

205
Q

What is it called when blood goes back to the heart?

A

Venous return

206
Q

Pushes blood up faster and is the first step in venous return.

A

skeletal muscle

207
Q

the diaphram and abdominal muscles pushing blood up and is the second step in venous return

A

breathing

208
Q

Bring excess fluid back to the heart and is involved in venous return and is the third step or factor.

A

lymphatic vessels

209
Q

lymphatic veins and vessels both have this, prevents backflow, and when blood comes up they close, this is the fourth factor of venous return.

A

valves

210
Q

Arteries located in your lungs, and has lots of capillary beds.

A

Pulmonary Arteries

211
Q

Meshwork of vessels in your brain.

A

Circle of Willis

212
Q

When the aorta gets below the diaphram

A

Celiac Trunk

213
Q

Stomach artery that is also known as…

A

Gastric

214
Q

Artery that is in your spleen…

A

Spleenic Artery

215
Q

Artery that is in your liver….

A

Hepatic Artery

216
Q

Have valves, pulsing sensation (heart pressure) and has a thin tunica media

A

Veins

217
Q

Going from portal vein, to your liver, to your hepatic vein to your inferior vena cava is what type of circulation?

A

Liver Circulation

218
Q

Carry lymph back to the heart

A

Lymphatic Vessels

219
Q

Gets rid of pathogens

A

Immunity

220
Q

You have lymph-nodes everywhere EXCEPT the ______ and _______

A

bones and nervous tissue

221
Q

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and other microbes are considered….. (living/nonliving pathogens)

A

Living

222
Q

Toxins, Radiation, and Chemo are considered….(living/nonliving pathogens)

A

Non-Living

223
Q

Has T-Cells (T-Lymphocytes), and doesn’t act during puberty.

A

Thymus

224
Q

Vessels that go in

A

Afferent

225
Q

Vessels that come out

A

Efferent

226
Q

Found in cortex

A

Nodules

227
Q

In the middle of your lymphnodes and looks like a maze

A

Sinuses

228
Q

Vessels tend to merge in ________

A

lymphnodes

229
Q

Lymphnodes in the stomach

A

Cysterna Chyli

230
Q

Your ____ system gets rid of pathogens

A

Immune

231
Q

Tough connective tissue on the outside of the lymph node that prevents things from getting in.

A

Capsule

232
Q

Underneath capsule

A

Cortex

233
Q

Section in the middle of the lymph node…

A

Medulla

234
Q

Looks like a kidney bean and has vessels going in and out of the lymph node.

A

Hilum

235
Q

These are made up of B cells and T Cells and have macrophages….

A

Lymphocytes

236
Q

Area where there is a multiplcation of disease-causing agent

A

Infection

237
Q

This is a defense mechanism

A

Immunity

238
Q

Abnormal body functioning is also known as

A

Disease

239
Q

Anything there it goes after

A

Nonspecific resistance

240
Q

goes after a specific thing

A

specific resistence

241
Q

Reticularcytes are found in the ____ and ___

A

liver and spleen

242
Q

Has a physical barrier, chemical barrier, and phagocytosis is involved, can have inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial proteins

A

Nonspecific Resistence

243
Q

Neutrophils go after _____

A

bacteria

244
Q

The process of breaking up a virus

A

Phagocytosis

245
Q

Histocytes are in your _____

A

tissues

246
Q

Cells found in your skin

A

Langerhans Cells

247
Q

In blood it is called a monocyte but when it goes to the tissues it is called _____

A

macrophages

248
Q

Endothelial cells are along the walls of __________

A

blood vessels

249
Q

Alveolar cells are in your _____

A

lungs

250
Q

Kuppfer cells are found in your ____

A

liver

251
Q

Higher temperature that gets rid of pathogens

A

Fever

252
Q

Blocks viruses from spreading to other cells involved in nonspecific resistence

A

Interferon

253
Q

Enhances inflammation, opsonization, and cytolosis and is involved in nonspecific resistence

A

Complement

254
Q

process of covering cell membrane, that acts as a bonding site for macrophages

A

opsonization

255
Q

This helps form a channel through cell membranes

A

Cytolosis

256
Q

Specific immunity is categorized in two ways what are they?

A

4 groups and function

257
Q

Natural Acquired Active Immunity, Artificially Acquired Active Immunity, Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity, and Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity are all forms of ……

A

Specific Immunity

258
Q

When you’re sick and produce antibodies to get rid of pathogens.

A

Natural Acquired Active Immunity

259
Q

Vaccines that cause antibodies to be produced but no signs of symptoms. (flu shots)

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

260
Q

Comes from mother across placenta.

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

261
Q

Antibodies given to you that only last a certain amount of time.

A

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

262
Q

Have to have B and T cells, specifity, memory, clones and plasma cells are involved in this type of immunity

A

Specific Immunity

263
Q

Goes after certain things and produces anitbodies

A

Specificity

264
Q

When some antibodies are stored, so they can go after a specific pathogen

A

Memory

265
Q

Duplicate and multiplied cells (antibodies) B and T cells

A

Clones

266
Q

Action of T cells and is cell mediated

A

Cellular Immunity

267
Q

Action of B cells and is antibody mediated

A

Humoral Immunity

268
Q

Binding sites on antibodies

A

Antigen

269
Q

Antigen presenting cells are ____ and _____

A

B cells and macrophages

270
Q

Ingestion, Digestion, Residue Discarding, and Displaying Fragments are the steps to…

A

Breaking down an Antigen

271
Q

You don’t need the whole antigen you can use _______

A

fragments

272
Q

coordinates activity

A

interleukins

273
Q

Pathogen plugs into antibody on ____

A

b cells

274
Q

________ plugs into pathogen fragment on Antigen Presenting Cell

A

T Helper cells

275
Q

These cells disrupt the membrane

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

276
Q

These cells slow down the reaction

A

Suppresor T Cells

277
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells are also known as

A

Macrophages

278
Q

The reaction is excessive, excess immune reaction and has antigens (allergens)

A

Hypersensitivity

279
Q

When your tissue attacks itself

A

Autoimmune Disease

280
Q

When your immune system cannot identify itself

A

Auto Antibodies

281
Q

Lacking B and T cells, or have a very small amount

A

Servere Combined Immunodeficency Disease (SCID)

282
Q

Acquired Imunodeficency Syndrome, No t helper cells = no immune response

A

AIDS

283
Q

Comes from cells lining the lymphnodes and blood vessels , tumors on skin, inside mouth, GI Tract, Appears as purple red or brown blotches on face usually red and is a form of cancer

A

Kaposisarcoma

Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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