Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
Portion of the large intestine that crosses the abdominal cavity directly under the stomach.
Transverse Colon
Serosa that hangs like an apron over the intestines.
Greater Omentum
Elimination of undigested residue.
Defecation
These aid in mechanical digestion.
Teeth
A conical projection at the rear of the oral cavity.
Uvula
Salivary gland anterior to the ear.
Parotid Gland
Layer of digestive tract that contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves.
Submucosa
Chewing.
Mastication
Wave of contractions in the muscularis externa.
Peristalsis
Cells that secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Parietal Cells
Ring of smooth muscle that controls the flow of chyme into the duodenum.
Pyloric Sphincter
Needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine.
Intrinsic Factor
Phagocytic cells in the liver.
Kupffer Cells
This synthesizes vitamin K.
Bacterial Flora
Regulates movement of bile and pancreatic juices into duodenum.
Sphincter of Oddi
Pigment responsible for the brown color of feces.
Urobiligen
Sometimes a sign of hypertension. (when your nose bleeds)
Epistaxis
Divides the nasal cavity into right and left chambers.
Nasal Septum
Nerve that innervates the diaphram.
Phrenic
Pouches of squamous cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion.
Alveolus
Nasal structure that warms and humidifies air.
Nasal Conchae
Increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demands.
Hyperventilation
An agent that disrupts the hydrogen bonds of water and reduces surface tension.
Surfactant
These close the glottis during swallowing.
Vestibular Folds
Ventilation of the lungs.
Breathing
Mixture of thick mucus and cellular debris.
Sputum
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet, normal breathing.
Tidal Volume
Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiration.
Residual Volume
Pressure enough to force a column of mercery 760 mm up an evacuated tube.
1 Atmosphere
Branches off primary bronchii into each lobe.
Secondary Bronchii
Supported by C-shaped cartilage rings.
Trachea and Bronchii
Instrument used to measure ventilation.
Spirometer
Specialist that treats both urinary and male reproduction disorders.
Urologist
A hormone secreted by kidneys that controls red blood cell count within the blood.
Erythropoietin
Condition resulting from accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the blood.
Azotemia
Opening at the end of the urethra.
External Urethral Orifice
Two or three of these converge in the kidney sinus to form the renal pelvis.
Major Calyx
The functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
Blood vessels found in the renal columns.
Interlobar
Rounded cluster of capillaries where urine formation begins.
Glomerulus
Condition caused by the dropping down of a kidney from the upper abdominal wall.
Nephroptosis
Plays a major role in concentrating urine.
Nephron Loop
Condition where blood is found in the urine.
Hematuria
Hormone responsible for salt and water resorption that helps maintain blood volume and pressure.
Aldosterone
Pigment that gives urine its yellow color.
Urochrome
One of the major functions of the kidneys.
Regulate osmotic concentration.
Three layers of smooth muscle in the bladder.
Detrusor Muscle
Amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Inflammation of the bladder.
Cysitis
An increased production of urine.
Diuresis
A substance that causes an increased production of urine.
Diuretic
Painful or diffuculty urinating.
Dysuria
A scanty output of urine.
Oliguria
An excessive output of urine.
Polyuria
Urinary condition with the the presence of glucose in the urine and is indicative of abnormally high blood sugar levels. It occurs in conditions such as uncontrolled DIABETES MELLITUS, in which the body cells are unable to absorb glucose from the blood. Under such circumstances, the body cells increase their metabolism of fats, and the excess spills out in the urine.
Glycosuria
A urinary condition that has a presence of ketone bodies. Normally appear in urine in very small amounts, and usually indicates that abnormal metabloic processes are occuring. This condition may be caused by starvation.
Ketonuria
This urinary condition may indicate various pathological conditions, including hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns, or renal diseases. It has a prescence of hemaglobin in the urine.
Hemoglobinuria
This urinary condition indicates an inflammatory process in the urinary tract. Has the presence of white blood cell’s or other pus constituents in the urine.
Pyuria
This urinary condition is generally indicative of an abnormally increased permeability of the glomerular membrane. Pathologic conditions that may result include kidney trauma due to blows, the ingestion of heavy metals, bacterial toxins, glomerulonephritis, and hypertension. Has a prescence of albumin in urine which is an abnormal finding.
Albuminuria
A urinary condition where the appearance of bilirubin in urine is an abnormal finding and most often reflects liver pathology such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Bilirubinuria
If urine becomes excessively concentrated, some of the substances normally held in solution begin to precipitate or crystallize, forming ______ ______.
Kidney Stones
A urinary condition where there is a lack of voluntary control over the external sphincter. It is normal to find in children that are under the age of two and the elderly. Pathological conditions that may lead to this condition are a result of spinal cord injury, emotional problems, and bladder irritability.
Incontinence
The bone in front of the roof of your mouth.
Hard Pallet
Soft tissue in the roof of your mouth in the back.
Soft Pallet
They are pink and below your teeth.
Gums
Section BEHIND the nose.
Nasopharynx
Section BEHIND your mouth.
Oropharynx
Section BEHIND your voicebox.
Laryngopharynx
When the cardiac sphincter stays closed so food backs up.
Achalasia
Hydrochloric acid from stomach coming up the esophagus.
Heart Burn
The main cell that secretes pepsin.
Chief Cells
These cells secrete mucus.
Goblet Cells
White liquid from pepsin that leaves the stomach and goes to the small intestine. This is what you vomit and it tastes bitter.
Chyme
The large intesine produces vitamin __. and it is what you need to produce clotting factors.
Vitamin K
How long does it take your total volume of blood to cycle through your kidneys once?
15 minutes
The liquid that cycles through a nephron.
Filtrate
How much filtrate is cycling through a nephron per minute.
Filtration Rate
Condition where biliruben is backed up in the blood. (when your skin is yellow)
Jaundice
This is behind the peritoneal cavity and has NO serous fluid.
Retroperitoneal
Fat that attaches to the abdominal cavity.
Perirenal Fat Capsul
This is an enzyme of protease and you can find it in the stomach and it has a pH of 2 or 3.
Pepsin
Ligament that attaches the tongue to the bottom of the oral cavity.
Frenulum
The space between the lips and teeth.
Vestibule
Condition where there in inflammation in the gums.
Gingivitis
The ball you make when you cut up food and swallow it.
Bolus
This connects the pharynx to the stomach, it is green with grey strings.
Esophagus
This is between the esophagus and the stomach.
Lower esophageal spinchter
The muscle that helps you chew.
Masseter Muscle
This means swallowing.
Deglutition
This is in the intestine, and it helps move food along.
Muscularis Externa
Specialized lymphatic capillary in villi.
Lacteal
Big bumps in the intestine.
Villi
A combination of amylase, protease, and lipase.
Pancreatic Juice
This is an anti-acid , it neutralizes acid and brings pH back to 7.4.
Bicarbonate
Bile helps break down ___.
Fat
Bile that is crystalized and enlarged.
Gallstones
Pockets in the colon.
Haustra
Condition where you cannot defecate, it is large masses in the colon that dont have water.
Constipation.
A condition where the movement of stuff in the colon is too fast and can’t absorb water.
Dirrharia
Seeds that get trapped in the colon and cause an infection.
Diverticulitis
Condition where the appendix becomes inflamed.
Appendicitis
This is part of the male reproductive system.
Urogenatal
This concentrates urine and is below tubule.
Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)
Gas exchange between the blood and lungs.
External Respiration
Substance that cuts down surface tension so it can open again.
Surfactant
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
_______ causes bronchial constriction.
Histamine
Surrounds the lungs (covers), and secretes serous fluid.
Visceral Pleura
Lines the cavity and secretes serous fluid in the lungs.
Parietal Pleura
These come off the bronchii, have no cartilage only smooth muscle, and controls the airflow to avelous.
Bronchioles
The tidal volume + expiratory reserve + inspiratory reserve =
Vital Capacity
Cartilage that protects the larynx.
Cricoid Cartilage
This is also known as your adams apple, it is shaped like a crest.
Laryngeal Prominence
The chanel between the middle ear and the back of the throat.
Auditory Tube
This cartilage is on both sides of the larynx.
Thyroid Cartilage
Cartilage rings that help keep the trachea open.
Tracheal Cartilage Rings
The lungs rest on this….
Diaphram
The sinuses are lined with ____ to warm and moisten air.
Mucus
How many breaths you take in a minute. You can slow it down or speed it up.
Respiratory Rate OR Minute Ventilation
What are the little grooves between conchas and gets moist?
Meatuses
Blood brings _____.
Heat
______ moistens the air.
Mucus
The ratio of the weight of something to the weight of an equal volume of pure water.
Specific Gravity
What is water’s specific gravity? (#)
1.000
Normal urine should have a specific gravity of ____ to ____. (#)
1.003- 1.035
