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Anatomy 2 > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematology?

A

The study of blood.

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2
Q

How long do blood cells circulate?

A

120 Days.

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3
Q

What is buffy coat?

A

White blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes.

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4
Q

What is Plasma?

A

It is a liquid component of blood, that has molecules and carbs, has water components and is 50% of your blood.

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5
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

The oxygen component of blood, majority of formed element. They are 50% of your blood.

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6
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Your red and white blood cells.

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7
Q

Hemacrat

A

The measurement of packed blood cells in a certain volume of blood.

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8
Q

What is a females Hemacrat?

A

37-48%

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9
Q

What is a males Hemacrat?

A

45-52%

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10
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

White Blood Cells

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11
Q

What are Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets. They are NOT cells, they’re fragments.

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12
Q

What does immunity do and what cells are apart of this process?

A

Gets rid of wastes and white blood cells and neutrophils help this.

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13
Q

What does Plasma do?

A

It carries solutes.

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14
Q

What is a solute?

A

Anything that can be dissolved in a liquid. Vitamins, amino acids, lipids, glucose, and lactose.

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15
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Liquids that solutes are disolved in. Plasma, interstitial fluid.

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16
Q

The more solutes you find in a liquid, the ________ goes up.

A

Concentration

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17
Q

What is a semipermeable membrane?

A

It only allows certain things to go through it.

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18
Q

What is Difusion?

A

The movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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19
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Moving water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

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20
Q

What is Viscosity?

A

Where there is more solutes than solvents. Blood dragging along the walls of blood vessels. It moves slow and gets thicker.

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21
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

It keeps water balance. The membrane is impermeable to solutes.

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22
Q

What is edema?

A

Water in extremeties.

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23
Q

What is hyproprotenienemia?

A

When there is no proteins in the blood. It causes fluid to move into interstitial fluid.

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24
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

When the arms and legs are emaciated due to lack of muscle. It is common in African native kids.

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25
Q

What is ascities?

A

Liquid in the stomach.

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26
Q

What is Thrombopoietin?

A

A hormone secreted from the kidneys and liver that travels through the blood to target tissue.

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27
Q

These cells CANNOT repair itself, and has NO nucelus, they are biconcave discs.

A

Red Blood Cells

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28
Q

What does being bioncave disc do?

A

It increases permeability, hemoglobin can go through easier. It has more surface area, is very flexible, and indented at the center.

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29
Q

What is hemaglobin?

A

It is found in red blood cells, it is a molecule that carries oxygen. It has 4 protein chains.

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30
Q

In hemaglobin, what are the 4 protein chains?

A

2 Alpha and 2 Beta

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31
Q

What is in the center of the hemaglobin protein chains?

A

Iron

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32
Q

If there is NO _____ hemaglobin WILL NOT pick up oxygen.

A

Iron

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33
Q

What is a Hemocytoblast?

A

A stem cell that produces red and white blood cells.

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34
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

Blood formation.

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35
Q

What is Myeloid Hemopoiesis?

A

The production of cells in RED bone marrow.

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36
Q

What is Lymphoid Hemopoiesis?

A

Is in the lymphatic tissues such as the tonsils and spleen.

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37
Q

What are the four groups in blood formation?

A
  1. Hemocytoblast 2. Erythroblast 3. Reticulocyte 4. Erythrocyte
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38
Q

How long does blood cell formation take?

A

3-5 Days.

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39
Q

______ is important in this formation and it breaks down in your liver and spleen and is recycled.

A

Hemoglobin

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40
Q

What are some of the factors affecting Red Blood Cell Formation?

A

Blood Loss, Oxygenation, Altitude, COPD, Vitamin B12, Copper, Vitamin C, and Iron.

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41
Q

______ does NOT produce hemoglobin.

A

Vitamin B 12.

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42
Q

What is COPD?

A

Emphysema and serious bronchitis. It is common in smokers.

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43
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Extra mucus in the lungs.

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44
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

The lack of oxygen in tissues.

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45
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

The lack of oxygen in blood.

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46
Q

What is the pigment that makes urine yellow?

A

Urochrome.

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47
Q

What is Bilirubin?

A

It produces Bile.

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48
Q

What is transferrin?

A

The main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body.

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49
Q

What is Ferritin?

A

It is stored in the liver OR used in red bone marrow.

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50
Q

What is Bile?

A

A substance produced in the liver and is released in the small intestine.

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51
Q

What is Urobilinogen?

A

It is a color pigment that makes poop brown.

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52
Q

What is Jaundice?

A

Makes you turn yellow.

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53
Q

What is the primary effects of Polycythemia?

A

Causes cancer, and increases your production of White Blood Cells.

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54
Q

What is the secondary effects of Polycythemia?

A

Dehydration, Smoking, and Anemia

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55
Q

What does it mean when you’re Hemorrhagic?

A

When you lack hemoglobin.

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56
Q

What is hemolytic?

A

Excess blood.

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57
Q

What is Hypoplastic anemia?

A

A decline in erythropoiesis and your Red Bone Marrow has malfunctioned.

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58
Q

What is Aplastic Anemia?

A

Malfunction of the red bone marrow.

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59
Q

Red blood cells are also known as…..

A

Erythoblasts.

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60
Q

What are the types of Leukocytes before they mature?

A

Myloblasts, Lymphoblasts, and Monoblasts.

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61
Q

What do myloblast produce?

A

Basophils, Neutrophils, Eusonophils

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62
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, esiphofils, and basophils.

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63
Q

What are the types of Agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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64
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

60-70% - Phagocytosis increased w bacterial infections

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65
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

2-4% they’re pink or red and increase with parastic infections, allergic reactions

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66
Q

What are Basophils?

A

Produces heparine and histamine. 1%

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67
Q

What is heparine?

A

Blood Thinner

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68
Q

What is histamine?

A

Causes the walls of blood vessels to become more permeable.

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69
Q

Lymphocytes are made up of what two cells?

A

B Cell and T cells.

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70
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

25-33% of your white blood cells. Destroy grafts viruses and cancer cells.

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71
Q

What are B Cells?

A

Antibodies

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72
Q

What are T Cells?

A

T helper cells.

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73
Q

What are monocytes?

A

The largest of the White Blood Cells , 3-8%,

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74
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Anything foreign to the body.

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75
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins found in pathogens.

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76
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.

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77
Q

What is margination?

A

Sticking to the cell wall.

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78
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

The act of squeezing through openings, goes from the blood to tissues.

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79
Q

What are chemotaxis?

A

Attraction to chemicals , and guide white blood cells to areas.

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80
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

process by White Blood Cells destroy Pathogens and remove foreign material and cellular debris.

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81
Q

What is a megakaryocyte?

A

Giant cells in bone marrow that release platelets..Cell Fragments or Platelets and 25-40% are stored in the spleen.

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82
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Secret Growth Factor, Secrete Vasoconstrictions, platelet plugs, phagocytize bacteria, chemical attracts, and dissolves blood clots.

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83
Q

What is a Lumen?

A

Hole in the center of a blood vessel.

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84
Q

What is the first layer of a blood vessel that has collagen fibers?

A

Tunic Interna

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85
Q

What is the second layer of a blood vessel that is made up of smooth muscle?

A

Tunic Media

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86
Q

What is the third layer of a blood vessel that has outside connective tissue that anchors down?

A

Tunica Externa

87
Q

What is inbetween the layers of a blood vessel?

A

Collagen

88
Q

_____ doesn’t touch the collagen in a blood vessel.

A

Blood

89
Q

Formation of a _____ ____ occurs after vasoconstriction of a blood vessel but before the creation of the fibrin mesh clot.

A

Platelet Plug

90
Q

What is a vascular spasm?

A

A sudden and brief tightening or constriction of a blood vessel. (Vasoconstriction)

91
Q

Coagulation or blood clotting is the process that….

A

controls bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

92
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Is a narrowing or closing of a blood vessel.

93
Q

______ keep platelets in place.

A

Fibrin

94
Q

For casccades you need ______.

A

Calcium

95
Q

Blood volume is the ______ when going to the lungs and tissues.

A

Same

96
Q

What type of blood does the RIGHT side of the heart have?

A

Deoxygenated Blood

97
Q

What type of blood does the LEFT side of the heart have?

A

Oxygenated Blood

98
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

It sends blood to the brain.

99
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

A stout wall that separates the left and right ventricles.

100
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pump blood throughout the body

101
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, Myocardium, and Epicardium

102
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The outer layer of the heart that usually contains some fat.

103
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

The middle layer of the heart and cardiac muscle that allows contractions.

104
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

The inner most layer of the heart that is made of epithelium.

105
Q

Deoxygenated blood is the color ___.

A

Blue

106
Q

Oxygenated blood is the color ____.

A

red

107
Q

_____ carry blood AWAY from the heart.

A

arteries

108
Q

_____ carry blood TO the heart.

A

veins

109
Q

Pulmonary means _____.

A

lungs

110
Q

Systemic means _____.

A

the rest of the tissues.

111
Q

Where is your heart located?

A

In the middle of your chest at the bottom of your mediastinum.

112
Q

_________ helps the heart contract and expand.

A

cerosfluid

113
Q

The _______ pericardium SURROUNDS the heart and is near the epicardium and also secrets serous fluid.

A

visceral

114
Q

The _______ pericardium is a cavity that secretes serous fluid.

A

parietal

115
Q

What are located at the TOP of the heart?

A

Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk

116
Q

What is the triangle thing located toward the bottom of the heart?

A

Appex

117
Q

What are the TOP cavities of the heart?

A

Left and Right Atria

118
Q

What are the BOTTOM cavities of the heart?

A

Left and Right Ventricles

119
Q

What are the elephant ear shaped structures on the outside of the heart?

A

Left and Right Auricles

120
Q

What are your FRONT heart vessels?

A

Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, then divides into the pulmonary arteries and superior and inferior vena cava

121
Q

What are you BACK heart vessels?

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava and the pulmonary VEINS.

122
Q

The superior and inferior vena cava are …… (arteries or veins) ?

A

Veins

123
Q

The bicuspid valves sends blood where?

A

tissues

124
Q

What sounds does the heart make?

A

LUPP and DUPP

125
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

Lack of bloodflow.

126
Q

What does it mean when you have bradycardia?

A

You have a heart rate BELOW 60.

127
Q

What does it mean when you have a mitral valve prolapse?

A

When the flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly.

128
Q

What does it mean when you have epicarditis?

A

Inflammation of the epicardium. (the outer lining of the heart)

129
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

An unusual sound between heart beats.

130
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

An abnormally rapid heart rate above 100.

131
Q

What are some heart conditions?

A

Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Epicarditis, Myocardial Infarction, Murmur, and a Mitral Valve Prolapse.

132
Q

What is a myocyte?

A

Muscle cells in the heart.

133
Q

What is a myocyte’s made of?

A

Nucleus, Intercalculated disc, desmosomes, and gapjunctions.

134
Q

Does an intercalculated disc have a nucleus?

A

Yes

135
Q

______________ are small connections that join myocytes together.

A

Intercalculated Disc

136
Q

What is the SA Node?

A

The hearts natural pace maker.

137
Q

The AV node controls what?

A

Heart rate

138
Q

What makes up the cardiac conduction system?

A

SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Left/Right Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers

139
Q

What color are purkinje fibers?

A

yellow

140
Q

What is an EKG?

A

Records movements of electrical impulses in the heart. And has deflection waves.

141
Q

What does the P Wave represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)

A

The contraction of the atria.

142
Q

What does the QRS complext represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)

A

The contractions of the ventricles. Depolarization.

143
Q

What does the T Wave represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)

A

The contractions of the ventricles. Polarization when they relax.

144
Q

What are the chorade tendinae?

A

commonly called heart strings. cord like structures attached to papillary muscles and the AV valves.

145
Q

What is the coronary circulation?

A

Functional Blood Supply to the heart muscle.

146
Q

What is at the FRONT of the coronary circulation?

A

Right Coronary, Anterior Interventricular, Left Coronary, and Circumflex

147
Q

What is at the BACK of the coronary circulation?

A

Posterior Interventricular, Coronary Sinus, and Elastic Vein

148
Q

How does the blood flow on the RIGHT side of the heart?

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Valves, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries

149
Q

How does blood flow on the LEFT side of the heart?

A

Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta.

150
Q

What does RhoGAM prevent?

A

Antibodies from being produced

151
Q

Rh negative is the ……

A

mother

152
Q

Rh positive is the…..

A

child

153
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A

Bicuspid, Tricuspid, Pulmonary and Aortic

154
Q

What cavity is the heart in?

A

Thoracic Cavity

155
Q

The _____ is actually the TOP of the heart.

A

Base

156
Q

The _____ is at the BOTTOM of the heart.

A

Apex

157
Q

What is the cardiovascular System made up of?

A

Heart and Blood Vessels, Blood

158
Q

What instrument do you use to listen to the heart?

A

Stethescope

159
Q

What is thr function of valves?

A

To prevent back flow

160
Q

New borns have a _______ heart rate.

A

Very high

161
Q

Adults have a heart rate of _______.

A

80-100

162
Q

The elderly have a ______ heart rate.

A

very high

163
Q

If you have bradycradia your heart rate is _____

A

below sixty

164
Q

If you have trachycardia you heart rate is ______

A

above 100

165
Q

What are some types of heart blocks?

A

bundle branch block, total heart block, ectopic focus

166
Q

What happens if you have an ectopic focus heart block?

A

Your heart tissue is defective

167
Q

What happens if you have a total heart block?

A

Damage to your AV node.

168
Q

What is your sinus rhythm? (numbers)

A

70-80 Beats per Minute

169
Q

What is your SA Node Rhythm?

A

70-80 BPM

170
Q

What is your AV Node Rhythm?

A

40-50 BPM

171
Q

What is pace maker potential?

A

Slow Na positive channels

172
Q

What is your other tissue Node Rhythm?

A

20-40 BPM

173
Q

What are your blood plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, Fibrogen, and Globulin

174
Q

What are thrombocytes also known as?

A

Platelets

175
Q

What are Leukocytes also known as?

A

White Blood Cells

176
Q

What are Erythrocytes also known as?

A

Red Blood Cells

177
Q

What does Coumadin interfere with?

A

The production of Vitamin K

178
Q

Which Vitamin is required to make four of the clotting factors?

A

Vitamin K

179
Q

What enzyme turns fibrogen into fibrin?

A

thrombin

180
Q

What is PDGF?

A

A factor released by platelets which stimulates smooth & muscle fibroblast division.

181
Q

What is the function of PDGF?

A

Promotes blood vessel healing.

182
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Collagen and Reticulus Fibers

183
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue helps with…..

A

Vasoconstriction and Vasodialation

184
Q

What is a thrombus blood clot?

A

A stationary blood clot has cholestoral

185
Q

What is a embolus blood clot?

A

A moving free floating blood clot, usually in the heart/pulmonary system has cholestoral

186
Q

What are 3 Hemostatic Mechanisms?

A

Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug, Coagulation ( blood clotting)

187
Q

What is coagulation?

A

Blood Clotting

188
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

The stoppage of bleeding

189
Q

Blood Type A has what Antigen?

A

Antigen A

190
Q

Blood Type A produce what antibodies?

A

B

191
Q

Blood Type B has what Antigen?

A

B

192
Q

Blood Type B produces what antibodies?

A

A

193
Q

Blood Type AB has what antigen?

A

A & B

194
Q

Blood Type AB produces what antibodies?

A

They don’t produce any antibodies.

195
Q

Blood Type O has what antigen?

A

No Antigen

196
Q

Blood Type O produces what antibodies?

A

A & B

197
Q

If antigen D is present it is….

A

positive

198
Q

If antigen D is absent it is…..

A

negative

199
Q

Rh negative forms what antibodies?

A

D

200
Q

What blood type is a universal RECIPIENT?

A

Type AB

201
Q

WHat blood type is a universal donor?

A

Type O

202
Q

What blood type is most common?

A

O positive

203
Q

What blood type is most rare?

A

AB negative

204
Q

Type A Hemophelia lacks which clotting factor?

A

8

205
Q

Type B Hemophelia lacks which clotting factor?

A

9

206
Q

What is Hemophelia B also known as?

A

Christmas Disease

207
Q

What is Thrombocytopenia?

A

A deficiency of platelets.

208
Q

WHat is prostacylin?

A

It is produced by the walls of the blood vessels that prevents platelets from sticking.

209
Q

What goes on in Fibrinolysis?

A

Factor XII, prekallikrein to kallikrein, kallikrein to plasminogen, plasminogen to plasmin

210
Q

What is Fibrin Degradation?

A

Break down of a blood clot.

211
Q

How many clotting factors are there?

A

13

212
Q

How many platelet factors are there?

A

4

213
Q

Clotting factors are produced in the ____

A

liver

214
Q

Clotting factors need ________.

A

Vitamin K

Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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