Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is hematology?
A
The study of blood.
2
Q
How long do blood cells circulate?
A
120 Days.
3
Q
What is buffy coat?
A
White blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes.
4
Q
What is Plasma?
A
It is a liquid component of blood, that has molecules and carbs, has water components and is 50% of your blood.
5
Q
What are red blood cells?
A
The oxygen component of blood, majority of formed element. They are 50% of your blood.
6
Q
What are formed elements?
A
Your red and white blood cells.
7
Q
Hemacrat
A
The measurement of packed blood cells in a certain volume of blood.
8
Q
What is a females Hemacrat?
A
37-48%
9
Q
What is a males Hemacrat?
A
45-52%
10
Q
What are Leukocytes?
A
White Blood Cells
11
Q
What are Thrombocytes?
A
Platelets. They are NOT cells, they’re fragments.
12
Q
What does immunity do and what cells are apart of this process?
A
Gets rid of wastes and white blood cells and neutrophils help this.
13
Q
What does Plasma do?
A
It carries solutes.
14
Q
What is a solute?
A
Anything that can be dissolved in a liquid. Vitamins, amino acids, lipids, glucose, and lactose.
15
Q
What is a solvent?
A
Liquids that solutes are disolved in. Plasma, interstitial fluid.
16
Q
The more solutes you find in a liquid, the ________ goes up.
A
Concentration
17
Q
What is a semipermeable membrane?
A
It only allows certain things to go through it.
18
Q
What is Difusion?
A
The movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
19
Q
What is osmosis?
A
Moving water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
20
Q
What is Viscosity?
A
Where there is more solutes than solvents. Blood dragging along the walls of blood vessels. It moves slow and gets thicker.
21
Q
What is osmolarity?
A
It keeps water balance. The membrane is impermeable to solutes.
22
Q
What is edema?
A
Water in extremeties.
23
Q
What is hyproprotenienemia?
A
When there is no proteins in the blood. It causes fluid to move into interstitial fluid.
24
Q
What is Kwashiorkor?
A
When the arms and legs are emaciated due to lack of muscle. It is common in African native kids.
25
What is ascities?
Liquid in the stomach.
26
What is Thrombopoietin?
A hormone secreted from the kidneys and liver that travels through the blood to target tissue.
27
These cells CANNOT repair itself, and has NO nucelus, they are biconcave discs.
Red Blood Cells
28
What does being bioncave disc do?
It increases permeability, hemoglobin can go through easier. It has more surface area, is very flexible, and indented at the center.
29
What is hemaglobin?
It is found in red blood cells, it is a molecule that carries oxygen. It has 4 protein chains.
30
In hemaglobin, what are the 4 protein chains?
2 Alpha and 2 Beta
31
What is in the center of the hemaglobin protein chains?
Iron
32
If there is NO _____ hemaglobin WILL NOT pick up oxygen.
Iron
33
What is a Hemocytoblast?
A stem cell that produces red and white blood cells.
34
What is hemopoiesis?
Blood formation.
35
What is Myeloid Hemopoiesis?
The production of cells in RED bone marrow.
36
What is Lymphoid Hemopoiesis?
Is in the lymphatic tissues such as the tonsils and spleen.
37
What are the four groups in blood formation?
1. Hemocytoblast 2. Erythroblast 3. Reticulocyte 4. Erythrocyte
38
How long does blood cell formation take?
3-5 Days.
39
______ is important in this formation and it breaks down in your liver and spleen and is recycled.
Hemoglobin
40
What are some of the factors affecting Red Blood Cell Formation?
Blood Loss, Oxygenation, Altitude, COPD, Vitamin B12, Copper, Vitamin C, and Iron.
41
______ does NOT produce hemoglobin.
Vitamin B 12.
42
What is COPD?
Emphysema and serious bronchitis. It is common in smokers.
43
What is emphysema?
Extra mucus in the lungs.
44
What is hypoxia?
The lack of oxygen in tissues.
45
What is hypoxemia?
The lack of oxygen in blood.
46
What is the pigment that makes urine yellow?
Urochrome.
47
What is Bilirubin?
It produces Bile.
48
What is transferrin?
The main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body.
49
What is Ferritin?
It is stored in the liver OR used in red bone marrow.
50
What is Bile?
A substance produced in the liver and is released in the small intestine.
51
What is Urobilinogen?
It is a color pigment that makes poop brown.
52
What is Jaundice?
Makes you turn yellow.
53
What is the primary effects of Polycythemia?
Causes cancer, and increases your production of White Blood Cells.
54
What is the secondary effects of Polycythemia?
Dehydration, Smoking, and Anemia
55
What does it mean when you're Hemorrhagic?
When you lack hemoglobin.
56
What is hemolytic?
Excess blood.
57
What is Hypoplastic anemia?
A decline in erythropoiesis and your Red Bone Marrow has malfunctioned.
58
What is Aplastic Anemia?
Malfunction of the red bone marrow.
59
Red blood cells are also known as.....
Erythoblasts.
60
What are the types of Leukocytes before they mature?
Myloblasts, Lymphoblasts, and Monoblasts.
61
What do myloblast produce?
Basophils, Neutrophils, Eusonophils
62
What are the three types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, esiphofils, and basophils.
63
What are the types of Agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
64
What are neutrophils?
60-70% - Phagocytosis increased w bacterial infections
65
What are eosinophils?
2-4% they're pink or red and increase with parastic infections, allergic reactions
66
What are Basophils?
Produces heparine and histamine. 1%
67
What is heparine?
Blood Thinner
68
What is histamine?
Causes the walls of blood vessels to become more permeable.
69
Lymphocytes are made up of what two cells?
B Cell and T cells.
70
What are lymphocytes?
25-33% of your white blood cells. Destroy grafts viruses and cancer cells.
71
What are B Cells?
Antibodies
72
What are T Cells?
T helper cells.
73
What are monocytes?
The largest of the White Blood Cells , 3-8%,
74
What is a pathogen?
Anything foreign to the body.
75
What are antigens?
Proteins found in pathogens.
76
What is a macrophage?
a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.
77
What is margination?
Sticking to the cell wall.
78
What is diapedesis?
The act of squeezing through openings, goes from the blood to tissues.
79
What are chemotaxis?
Attraction to chemicals , and guide white blood cells to areas.
80
What is phagocytosis?
process by White Blood Cells destroy Pathogens and remove foreign material and cellular debris.
81
What is a megakaryocyte?
Giant cells in bone marrow that release platelets..Cell Fragments or Platelets and 25-40% are stored in the spleen.
82
What are the functions of platelets?
Secret Growth Factor, Secrete Vasoconstrictions, platelet plugs, phagocytize bacteria, chemical attracts, and dissolves blood clots.
83
What is a Lumen?
Hole in the center of a blood vessel.
84
What is the first layer of a blood vessel that has collagen fibers?
Tunic Interna
85
What is the second layer of a blood vessel that is made up of smooth muscle?
Tunic Media
86
What is the third layer of a blood vessel that has outside connective tissue that anchors down?
Tunica Externa
87
What is inbetween the layers of a blood vessel?
Collagen
88
_____ doesn't touch the collagen in a blood vessel.
Blood
89
Formation of a _____ ____ occurs after vasoconstriction of a blood vessel but before the creation of the fibrin mesh clot.
Platelet Plug
90
What is a vascular spasm?
A sudden and brief tightening or constriction of a blood vessel. (Vasoconstriction)
91
Coagulation or blood clotting is the process that....
controls bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
92
What is vasoconstriction?
Is a narrowing or closing of a blood vessel.
93
______ keep platelets in place.
Fibrin
94
For casccades you need ______.
Calcium
95
Blood volume is the ______ when going to the lungs and tissues.
Same
96
What type of blood does the RIGHT side of the heart have?
Deoxygenated Blood
97
What type of blood does the LEFT side of the heart have?
Oxygenated Blood
98
What is the circle of willis?
It sends blood to the brain.
99
What is the interventricular septum?
A stout wall that separates the left and right ventricles.
100
What is the function of the heart?
Pump blood throughout the body
101
What are the three layers of the heart?
Endocardium, Myocardium, and Epicardium
102
What is the epicardium?
The outer layer of the heart that usually contains some fat.
103
What is the Myocardium?
The middle layer of the heart and cardiac muscle that allows contractions.
104
What is the Endocardium?
The inner most layer of the heart that is made of epithelium.
105
Deoxygenated blood is the color ___.
Blue
106
Oxygenated blood is the color ____.
red
107
_____ carry blood AWAY from the heart.
arteries
108
_____ carry blood TO the heart.
veins
109
Pulmonary means _____.
lungs
110
Systemic means _____.
the rest of the tissues.
111
Where is your heart located?
In the middle of your chest at the bottom of your mediastinum.
112
_________ helps the heart contract and expand.
cerosfluid
113
The _______ pericardium SURROUNDS the heart and is near the epicardium and also secrets serous fluid.
visceral
114
The _______ pericardium is a cavity that secretes serous fluid.
parietal
115
What are located at the TOP of the heart?
Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
116
What is the triangle thing located toward the bottom of the heart?
Appex
117
What are the TOP cavities of the heart?
Left and Right Atria
118
What are the BOTTOM cavities of the heart?
Left and Right Ventricles
119
What are the elephant ear shaped structures on the outside of the heart?
Left and Right Auricles
120
What are your FRONT heart vessels?
Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, then divides into the pulmonary arteries and superior and inferior vena cava
121
What are you BACK heart vessels?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava and the pulmonary VEINS.
122
The superior and inferior vena cava are ...... (arteries or veins) ?
Veins
123
The bicuspid valves sends blood where?
tissues
124
What sounds does the heart make?
LUPP and DUPP
125
What is a myocardial infarction?
Lack of bloodflow.
126
What does it mean when you have bradycardia?
You have a heart rate BELOW 60.
127
What does it mean when you have a mitral valve prolapse?
When the flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly.
128
What does it mean when you have epicarditis?
Inflammation of the epicardium. (the outer lining of the heart)
129
What is a heart murmur?
An unusual sound between heart beats.
130
What is tachycardia?
An abnormally rapid heart rate above 100.
131
What are some heart conditions?
Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Epicarditis, Myocardial Infarction, Murmur, and a Mitral Valve Prolapse.
132
What is a myocyte?
Muscle cells in the heart.
133
What is a myocyte's made of?
Nucleus, Intercalculated disc, desmosomes, and gapjunctions.
134
Does an intercalculated disc have a nucleus?
Yes
135
______________ are small connections that join myocytes together.
Intercalculated Disc
136
What is the SA Node?
The hearts natural pace maker.
137
The AV node controls what?
Heart rate
138
What makes up the cardiac conduction system?
SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Left/Right Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers
139
What color are purkinje fibers?
yellow
140
What is an EKG?
Records movements of electrical impulses in the heart. And has deflection waves.
141
What does the P Wave represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)
The contraction of the atria.
142
What does the QRS complext represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)
The contractions of the ventricles. Depolarization.
143
What does the T Wave represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)
The contractions of the ventricles. Polarization when they relax.
144
What are the chorade tendinae?
commonly called heart strings. cord like structures attached to papillary muscles and the AV valves.
145
What is the coronary circulation?
Functional Blood Supply to the heart muscle.
146
What is at the FRONT of the coronary circulation?
Right Coronary, Anterior Interventricular, Left Coronary, and Circumflex
147
What is at the BACK of the coronary circulation?
Posterior Interventricular, Coronary Sinus, and Elastic Vein
148
How does the blood flow on the RIGHT side of the heart?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Valves, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries
149
How does blood flow on the LEFT side of the heart?
Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta.
150
What does RhoGAM prevent?
Antibodies from being produced
151
Rh negative is the ......
mother
152
Rh positive is the.....
child
153
What are the four valves of the heart?
Bicuspid, Tricuspid, Pulmonary and Aortic
154
What cavity is the heart in?
Thoracic Cavity
155
The _____ is actually the TOP of the heart.
Base
156
The _____ is at the BOTTOM of the heart.
Apex
157
What is the cardiovascular System made up of?
Heart and Blood Vessels, Blood
158
What instrument do you use to listen to the heart?
Stethescope
159
What is thr function of valves?
To prevent back flow
160
New borns have a _______ heart rate.
Very high
161
Adults have a heart rate of _______.
80-100
162
The elderly have a ______ heart rate.
very high
163
If you have bradycradia your heart rate is _____
below sixty
164
If you have trachycardia you heart rate is ______
above 100
165
What are some types of heart blocks?
bundle branch block, total heart block, ectopic focus
166
What happens if you have an ectopic focus heart block?
Your heart tissue is defective
167
What happens if you have a total heart block?
Damage to your AV node.
168
What is your sinus rhythm? (numbers)
70-80 Beats per Minute
169
What is your SA Node Rhythm?
70-80 BPM
170
What is your AV Node Rhythm?
40-50 BPM
171
What is pace maker potential?
Slow Na positive channels
172
What is your other tissue Node Rhythm?
20-40 BPM
173
What are your blood plasma proteins?
Albumin, Fibrogen, and Globulin
174
What are thrombocytes also known as?
Platelets
175
What are Leukocytes also known as?
White Blood Cells
176
What are Erythrocytes also known as?
Red Blood Cells
177
What does Coumadin interfere with?
The production of Vitamin K
178
Which Vitamin is required to make four of the clotting factors?
Vitamin K
179
What enzyme turns fibrogen into fibrin?
thrombin
180
What is PDGF?
A factor released by platelets which stimulates smooth & muscle fibroblast division.
181
What is the function of PDGF?
Promotes blood vessel healing.
182
What do fibroblasts produce?
Collagen and Reticulus Fibers
183
Smooth Muscle Tissue helps with.....
Vasoconstriction and Vasodialation
184
What is a thrombus blood clot?
A stationary blood clot has cholestoral
185
What is a embolus blood clot?
A moving free floating blood clot, usually in the heart/pulmonary system has cholestoral
186
What are 3 Hemostatic Mechanisms?
Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug, Coagulation ( blood clotting)
187
What is coagulation?
Blood Clotting
188
What is hemostasis?
The stoppage of bleeding
189
Blood Type A has what Antigen?
Antigen A
190
Blood Type A produce what antibodies?
B
191
Blood Type B has what Antigen?
B
192
Blood Type B produces what antibodies?
A
193
Blood Type AB has what antigen?
A & B
194
Blood Type AB produces what antibodies?
They don't produce any antibodies.
195
Blood Type O has what antigen?
No Antigen
196
Blood Type O produces what antibodies?
A & B
197
If antigen D is present it is....
positive
198
If antigen D is absent it is.....
negative
199
Rh negative forms what antibodies?
D
200
What blood type is a universal RECIPIENT?
Type AB
201
WHat blood type is a universal donor?
Type O
202
What blood type is most common?
O positive
203
What blood type is most rare?
AB negative
204
Type A Hemophelia lacks which clotting factor?
8
205
Type B Hemophelia lacks which clotting factor?
9
206
What is Hemophelia B also known as?
Christmas Disease
207
What is Thrombocytopenia?
A deficiency of platelets.
208
WHat is prostacylin?
It is produced by the walls of the blood vessels that prevents platelets from sticking.
209
What goes on in Fibrinolysis?
Factor XII, prekallikrein to kallikrein, kallikrein to plasminogen, plasminogen to plasmin
210
What is Fibrin Degradation?
Break down of a blood clot.
211
How many clotting factors are there?
13
212
How many platelet factors are there?
4
213
Clotting factors are produced in the ____
liver
214
Clotting factors need ________.
Vitamin K
