Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
What is hematology?
The study of blood.
How long do blood cells circulate?
120 Days.
What is buffy coat?
White blood cells, platelets, and leukocytes.
What is Plasma?
It is a liquid component of blood, that has molecules and carbs, has water components and is 50% of your blood.
What are red blood cells?
The oxygen component of blood, majority of formed element. They are 50% of your blood.
What are formed elements?
Your red and white blood cells.
Hemacrat
The measurement of packed blood cells in a certain volume of blood.
What is a females Hemacrat?
37-48%
What is a males Hemacrat?
45-52%
What are Leukocytes?
White Blood Cells
What are Thrombocytes?
Platelets. They are NOT cells, they’re fragments.
What does immunity do and what cells are apart of this process?
Gets rid of wastes and white blood cells and neutrophils help this.
What does Plasma do?
It carries solutes.
What is a solute?
Anything that can be dissolved in a liquid. Vitamins, amino acids, lipids, glucose, and lactose.
What is a solvent?
Liquids that solutes are disolved in. Plasma, interstitial fluid.
The more solutes you find in a liquid, the ________ goes up.
Concentration
What is a semipermeable membrane?
It only allows certain things to go through it.
What is Difusion?
The movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is osmosis?
Moving water from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
What is Viscosity?
Where there is more solutes than solvents. Blood dragging along the walls of blood vessels. It moves slow and gets thicker.
What is osmolarity?
It keeps water balance. The membrane is impermeable to solutes.
What is edema?
Water in extremeties.
What is hyproprotenienemia?
When there is no proteins in the blood. It causes fluid to move into interstitial fluid.
What is Kwashiorkor?
When the arms and legs are emaciated due to lack of muscle. It is common in African native kids.
What is ascities?
Liquid in the stomach.
What is Thrombopoietin?
A hormone secreted from the kidneys and liver that travels through the blood to target tissue.
These cells CANNOT repair itself, and has NO nucelus, they are biconcave discs.
Red Blood Cells
What does being bioncave disc do?
It increases permeability, hemoglobin can go through easier. It has more surface area, is very flexible, and indented at the center.
What is hemaglobin?
It is found in red blood cells, it is a molecule that carries oxygen. It has 4 protein chains.
In hemaglobin, what are the 4 protein chains?
2 Alpha and 2 Beta
What is in the center of the hemaglobin protein chains?
Iron
If there is NO _____ hemaglobin WILL NOT pick up oxygen.
Iron
What is a Hemocytoblast?
A stem cell that produces red and white blood cells.
What is hemopoiesis?
Blood formation.
What is Myeloid Hemopoiesis?
The production of cells in RED bone marrow.
What is Lymphoid Hemopoiesis?
Is in the lymphatic tissues such as the tonsils and spleen.
What are the four groups in blood formation?
- Hemocytoblast 2. Erythroblast 3. Reticulocyte 4. Erythrocyte
How long does blood cell formation take?
3-5 Days.
______ is important in this formation and it breaks down in your liver and spleen and is recycled.
Hemoglobin
What are some of the factors affecting Red Blood Cell Formation?
Blood Loss, Oxygenation, Altitude, COPD, Vitamin B12, Copper, Vitamin C, and Iron.
______ does NOT produce hemoglobin.
Vitamin B 12.
What is COPD?
Emphysema and serious bronchitis. It is common in smokers.
What is emphysema?
Extra mucus in the lungs.
What is hypoxia?
The lack of oxygen in tissues.
What is hypoxemia?
The lack of oxygen in blood.
What is the pigment that makes urine yellow?
Urochrome.
What is Bilirubin?
It produces Bile.
What is transferrin?
The main protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it throughout the body.
What is Ferritin?
It is stored in the liver OR used in red bone marrow.
What is Bile?
A substance produced in the liver and is released in the small intestine.
What is Urobilinogen?
It is a color pigment that makes poop brown.
What is Jaundice?
Makes you turn yellow.
What is the primary effects of Polycythemia?
Causes cancer, and increases your production of White Blood Cells.
What is the secondary effects of Polycythemia?
Dehydration, Smoking, and Anemia
What does it mean when you’re Hemorrhagic?
When you lack hemoglobin.
What is hemolytic?
Excess blood.
What is Hypoplastic anemia?
A decline in erythropoiesis and your Red Bone Marrow has malfunctioned.
What is Aplastic Anemia?
Malfunction of the red bone marrow.
Red blood cells are also known as…..
Erythoblasts.
What are the types of Leukocytes before they mature?
Myloblasts, Lymphoblasts, and Monoblasts.
What do myloblast produce?
Basophils, Neutrophils, Eusonophils
What are the three types of granulocytes?
neutrophils, esiphofils, and basophils.
What are the types of Agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
What are neutrophils?
60-70% - Phagocytosis increased w bacterial infections
What are eosinophils?
2-4% they’re pink or red and increase with parastic infections, allergic reactions
What are Basophils?
Produces heparine and histamine. 1%
What is heparine?
Blood Thinner
What is histamine?
Causes the walls of blood vessels to become more permeable.
Lymphocytes are made up of what two cells?
B Cell and T cells.
What are lymphocytes?
25-33% of your white blood cells. Destroy grafts viruses and cancer cells.
What are B Cells?
Antibodies
What are T Cells?
T helper cells.
What are monocytes?
The largest of the White Blood Cells , 3-8%,
What is a pathogen?
Anything foreign to the body.
What are antigens?
Proteins found in pathogens.
What is a macrophage?
a large phagocytic cell found in stationary form in the tissues or as a mobile white blood cell, especially at sites of infection.
What is margination?
Sticking to the cell wall.
What is diapedesis?
The act of squeezing through openings, goes from the blood to tissues.
What are chemotaxis?
Attraction to chemicals , and guide white blood cells to areas.
What is phagocytosis?
process by White Blood Cells destroy Pathogens and remove foreign material and cellular debris.
What is a megakaryocyte?
Giant cells in bone marrow that release platelets..Cell Fragments or Platelets and 25-40% are stored in the spleen.
What are the functions of platelets?
Secret Growth Factor, Secrete Vasoconstrictions, platelet plugs, phagocytize bacteria, chemical attracts, and dissolves blood clots.
What is a Lumen?
Hole in the center of a blood vessel.
What is the first layer of a blood vessel that has collagen fibers?
Tunic Interna
What is the second layer of a blood vessel that is made up of smooth muscle?
Tunic Media
What is the third layer of a blood vessel that has outside connective tissue that anchors down?
Tunica Externa
What is inbetween the layers of a blood vessel?
Collagen
_____ doesn’t touch the collagen in a blood vessel.
Blood
Formation of a _____ ____ occurs after vasoconstriction of a blood vessel but before the creation of the fibrin mesh clot.
Platelet Plug
What is a vascular spasm?
A sudden and brief tightening or constriction of a blood vessel. (Vasoconstriction)
Coagulation or blood clotting is the process that….
controls bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
What is vasoconstriction?
Is a narrowing or closing of a blood vessel.
______ keep platelets in place.
Fibrin
For casccades you need ______.
Calcium
Blood volume is the ______ when going to the lungs and tissues.
Same
What type of blood does the RIGHT side of the heart have?
Deoxygenated Blood
What type of blood does the LEFT side of the heart have?
Oxygenated Blood
What is the circle of willis?
It sends blood to the brain.
What is the interventricular septum?
A stout wall that separates the left and right ventricles.
What is the function of the heart?
Pump blood throughout the body
What are the three layers of the heart?
Endocardium, Myocardium, and Epicardium
What is the epicardium?
The outer layer of the heart that usually contains some fat.
What is the Myocardium?
The middle layer of the heart and cardiac muscle that allows contractions.
What is the Endocardium?
The inner most layer of the heart that is made of epithelium.
Deoxygenated blood is the color ___.
Blue
Oxygenated blood is the color ____.
red
_____ carry blood AWAY from the heart.
arteries
_____ carry blood TO the heart.
veins
Pulmonary means _____.
lungs
Systemic means _____.
the rest of the tissues.
Where is your heart located?
In the middle of your chest at the bottom of your mediastinum.
_________ helps the heart contract and expand.
cerosfluid
The _______ pericardium SURROUNDS the heart and is near the epicardium and also secrets serous fluid.
visceral
The _______ pericardium is a cavity that secretes serous fluid.
parietal
What are located at the TOP of the heart?
Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk
What is the triangle thing located toward the bottom of the heart?
Appex
What are the TOP cavities of the heart?
Left and Right Atria
What are the BOTTOM cavities of the heart?
Left and Right Ventricles
What are the elephant ear shaped structures on the outside of the heart?
Left and Right Auricles
What are your FRONT heart vessels?
Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk, then divides into the pulmonary arteries and superior and inferior vena cava
What are you BACK heart vessels?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava and the pulmonary VEINS.
The superior and inferior vena cava are …… (arteries or veins) ?
Veins
The bicuspid valves sends blood where?
tissues
What sounds does the heart make?
LUPP and DUPP
What is a myocardial infarction?
Lack of bloodflow.
What does it mean when you have bradycardia?
You have a heart rate BELOW 60.
What does it mean when you have a mitral valve prolapse?
When the flaps of the mitral valve do not close smoothly or evenly.
What does it mean when you have epicarditis?
Inflammation of the epicardium. (the outer lining of the heart)
What is a heart murmur?
An unusual sound between heart beats.
What is tachycardia?
An abnormally rapid heart rate above 100.
What are some heart conditions?
Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Epicarditis, Myocardial Infarction, Murmur, and a Mitral Valve Prolapse.
What is a myocyte?
Muscle cells in the heart.
What is a myocyte’s made of?
Nucleus, Intercalculated disc, desmosomes, and gapjunctions.
Does an intercalculated disc have a nucleus?
Yes
______________ are small connections that join myocytes together.
Intercalculated Disc
What is the SA Node?
The hearts natural pace maker.
The AV node controls what?
Heart rate
What makes up the cardiac conduction system?
SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Left/Right Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers
What color are purkinje fibers?
yellow
What is an EKG?
Records movements of electrical impulses in the heart. And has deflection waves.
What does the P Wave represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)
The contraction of the atria.
What does the QRS complext represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)
The contractions of the ventricles. Depolarization.
What does the T Wave represent on an EKG? (Deflection Wave)
The contractions of the ventricles. Polarization when they relax.
What are the chorade tendinae?
commonly called heart strings. cord like structures attached to papillary muscles and the AV valves.
What is the coronary circulation?
Functional Blood Supply to the heart muscle.
What is at the FRONT of the coronary circulation?
Right Coronary, Anterior Interventricular, Left Coronary, and Circumflex
What is at the BACK of the coronary circulation?
Posterior Interventricular, Coronary Sinus, and Elastic Vein
How does the blood flow on the RIGHT side of the heart?
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Right Atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Valves, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries
How does blood flow on the LEFT side of the heart?
Lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium, Bicuspid Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Valve, Aorta.
What does RhoGAM prevent?
Antibodies from being produced
Rh negative is the ……
mother
Rh positive is the…..
child
What are the four valves of the heart?
Bicuspid, Tricuspid, Pulmonary and Aortic
What cavity is the heart in?
Thoracic Cavity
The _____ is actually the TOP of the heart.
Base
The _____ is at the BOTTOM of the heart.
Apex
What is the cardiovascular System made up of?
Heart and Blood Vessels, Blood
What instrument do you use to listen to the heart?
Stethescope
What is thr function of valves?
To prevent back flow
New borns have a _______ heart rate.
Very high
Adults have a heart rate of _______.
80-100
The elderly have a ______ heart rate.
very high
If you have bradycradia your heart rate is _____
below sixty
If you have trachycardia you heart rate is ______
above 100
What are some types of heart blocks?
bundle branch block, total heart block, ectopic focus
What happens if you have an ectopic focus heart block?
Your heart tissue is defective
What happens if you have a total heart block?
Damage to your AV node.
What is your sinus rhythm? (numbers)
70-80 Beats per Minute
What is your SA Node Rhythm?
70-80 BPM
What is your AV Node Rhythm?
40-50 BPM
What is pace maker potential?
Slow Na positive channels
What is your other tissue Node Rhythm?
20-40 BPM
What are your blood plasma proteins?
Albumin, Fibrogen, and Globulin
What are thrombocytes also known as?
Platelets
What are Leukocytes also known as?
White Blood Cells
What are Erythrocytes also known as?
Red Blood Cells
What does Coumadin interfere with?
The production of Vitamin K
Which Vitamin is required to make four of the clotting factors?
Vitamin K
What enzyme turns fibrogen into fibrin?
thrombin
What is PDGF?
A factor released by platelets which stimulates smooth & muscle fibroblast division.
What is the function of PDGF?
Promotes blood vessel healing.
What do fibroblasts produce?
Collagen and Reticulus Fibers
Smooth Muscle Tissue helps with…..
Vasoconstriction and Vasodialation
What is a thrombus blood clot?
A stationary blood clot has cholestoral
What is a embolus blood clot?
A moving free floating blood clot, usually in the heart/pulmonary system has cholestoral
What are 3 Hemostatic Mechanisms?
Vascular Spasm, Platelet Plug, Coagulation ( blood clotting)
What is coagulation?
Blood Clotting
What is hemostasis?
The stoppage of bleeding
Blood Type A has what Antigen?
Antigen A
Blood Type A produce what antibodies?
B
Blood Type B has what Antigen?
B
Blood Type B produces what antibodies?
A
Blood Type AB has what antigen?
A & B
Blood Type AB produces what antibodies?
They don’t produce any antibodies.
Blood Type O has what antigen?
No Antigen
Blood Type O produces what antibodies?
A & B
If antigen D is present it is….
positive
If antigen D is absent it is…..
negative
Rh negative forms what antibodies?
D
What blood type is a universal RECIPIENT?
Type AB
WHat blood type is a universal donor?
Type O
What blood type is most common?
O positive
What blood type is most rare?
AB negative
Type A Hemophelia lacks which clotting factor?
8
Type B Hemophelia lacks which clotting factor?
9
What is Hemophelia B also known as?
Christmas Disease
What is Thrombocytopenia?
A deficiency of platelets.
WHat is prostacylin?
It is produced by the walls of the blood vessels that prevents platelets from sticking.
What goes on in Fibrinolysis?
Factor XII, prekallikrein to kallikrein, kallikrein to plasminogen, plasminogen to plasmin
What is Fibrin Degradation?
Break down of a blood clot.
How many clotting factors are there?
13
How many platelet factors are there?
4
Clotting factors are produced in the ____
liver
Clotting factors need ________.
Vitamin K
