Lecture 3 Exam Flashcards by Olivia Coppedge

Targets and effects the ovaries and testes, stimulates follicle maturation, estrogen production and sperm production. And is released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Follicle-stimulating Hormone FSH

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Targets and effects the ovaries and testes, triggers ovulation, stimulates estrogen progesterone and testosterone production. Released from Anterior Pituitary Gland

Luteinizing Hormone LH

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Targets and effects the adrenal cortex it promotes the release of glucocorticoids and androgens. Released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACTH

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Targets and effects body cells (primarily bone and muscles), it is an anabolic hormone; stimulates somatic growth; mobilizes fats; and spares glucose. Released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland.

Growth Hormone GH

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Targets and effects breast secretory tissue and promotes lactation. Released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland.

Prolactin PRL

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Stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of thyroid hormones, and effects the body’s metabolism. Released from the Anterior Pituitary Gland. It is in the hypothalamus.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone TSH

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Targets and effects the uterus and breast, stimulates uterine contractions during birth and coitus and initiates milk ejection. Released from the Posterior Pituitary Gland. And is located in the hypothalamus.

Oxytocin

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Obesity, florid complexion, impaired carbohydrate tolerance and hypotension due to excess Adrenocorticotropic hormone. (ACTH). (Endocrine Condition)

Cushing’s Syndrome

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Small stature and sexual infantism caused in some cases by Growth Hormone (GH) deficiency. (Endocrine Condition)

Pituitary Dwarfism

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: Excessive height due to excessive secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in children. (Endocrine Condition)

Gigantism

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Enlargement of the extremities after puberty due to hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH). (Endocrine Condition)

Acromegaly

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Continuation of lactation or flow of milk at intervals after cessation of nursing due to hypersecretion of Luteotropic Hormone (LTH) and Prolactin (PRL). Also brings on cessation of menses in females and impotence in males. (Endocrine Condition)

Galactorrhea

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(juvenile diabetes) Excessive thirst and copious urine due to insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).(Endocrine Condition)

Diabetes Insipidus

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Condition of mental and physical sluggishness in older children and adults. Results from hyposecretion of Thyroxine. (Endocrine Condition)

Myxedema

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Child has a short disproportionate body, a thick tongue and neck, and is mentally retarded due to inadequate Thyroxine during infancy.(Endocrine Condition)

Cretinism

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(exophthalmic goiter) Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs, tremors, and weight loss due to hypersecretion of Thyroxine.(Endocrine Condition)

Grave’s Disease

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Increases the excitability of neurons and accounts for the classical symptoms of tetany, such as: loss of sensation, muscle twitches, and convulsions. Due to insufficient amounts of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Parathormone. (Endocrine Condition)

Hypothyroidism

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(quite rare) Condition where calcium is leached from the bone, which softens and deforms as the mineral salts are replaced by fibrous connective tissue. Due to hypersecretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Parathormone. (Endocrine Condition)

Hyperthyroidism

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Condition which includes increased pigmentation, hypotension, and abnormal mineral and glucose metabolism. Resulting from deficiency of Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids. (Endocrine Condition)

Addison’s Disease

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Hypersecretion of Mineralocorticoids resulting in hypertension and edema caused by excessive sodium and water retension, and accelerated excretion of potassium ions. (Endocrine Condition)

Aldosteronism

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Abnormal hairiness and masculinization due to hypersecretion of Gonadocorticoids. (Endocrine Condition)

Hirsutism

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Hypersecretion of insulin resulting in hypoglycemia bringing on anxiety, nervousness, tremors, and a feeling of weakness. (Endocrine Condition)

Hyperinsulinism

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Targets and effects the kidneys and arterioles stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water increases blood pressure because of vasoconstriction. It is also known as vasopressin.
It is in the Hypothalamus and is stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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Targets and effects all body cells controls the rate of body metabolism, reproductive and nervous, and regulates tissue growth and development. It is in your Thyroid Gland.

Thyroxine

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Targets and effects blood calcium levels, causes calcium to be deposited in bone, lowers blood levels (works antagonistically with parathyroid hormone) It is in your Thyroid Gland.

Calcitonin

Targets and effects blood calcium levels activates release of calcium & phosphate from bone; enhances kidney Ca resorption; increases Ca absorption by intestines. It is in your Parathyroid Gland.

Parathyroid Hormone PTH

Targets and effects heart/sympathetic nerves increases HR; dilates bronchioles; increases use of fat for energy; causes glucose to be released from glycogen stores in liver. Located in your adrenal medulla and is released from the adrenal gland.

Catecholamines Epinephrine 80%

Targets and effects blood vessels | raises blood pressure; constricts vessels. Located in your adrenal medulla and is released from the adrenal gland.

Catecholamines Norepinephrine 20%

Targets and effects body fluids regulates water & electrolyte balance by regulating sodium resorption in kidney. Located in the adrenal cortex and is released from Adrenal Glands.

Corticosteroids Mineralocorticoid

Targets and effects blood glucose levels enables body to resist long term stressors; anti-inflammatory properties decrease tissue edema & vascular dilation. Located in the adrenal cortex and is released from Adrenal Glands.

Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids (Cortisone Hydrocortisone Corticosterone)

Targets and effects produced throughout life in insignificant amounts. Androgen - male and Estrogen-Female. Located in the adrenal cortex and is released from Adrenal Glands.

Corticosteroids Gonadocorticoids

Promotes uptake of glucose by body cells. (Intakes Glucose) Located in the Pancreas.

Insulin

Promotes release of glucose by body cells. (Release Glucose) Located in the Pancreas.

Glucagon

Reproductive organs help maintain the uterine lining and growth. Located in Gonads.

Progesterone

Reproductive organs produce secondary sex characteristics at puberty; helps maintain pregnancy, prepares mammary glands for lactation. Located in Gonads.

Estrogen

Targets the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion (slows follicle maturation and estrogen production) Located in Gonads.

Inhibin

Targets and effects reproductive organs produce secondary sex characteristics: promotes maturation of accessory structures: responsible for male sex drive. Located in Gonads.

Testosterone

targets the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion (slows down sperm production) Located in Gonads and Testes.

Inhibin

Targets and effects T lymphocytes; immune system appears to be essential for the normal development of the immune response. Located in the Thymus.

Thymopoietin

Targets and effects adrenal gland & kidneys; lowers blood volume and pressure. (Peptide) Located in the heart.

Atrial Natriuretie Factor- ANP

Targets and effects brain; influences mood, regulates sleep-wake cycle. Located in the pineal body.

Melatonin and Serotonin

targets red bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells; Calcitriol promotes Ca++ absorption by small intestine. 85% , converts Calcidiol to Calcitriol (active form of Vitamin D) And is located in the kidneys.

Erythropoietin

targets red bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells 15% , and is located in the liver.

Erythropoietin

influences the corpus luteum to continue production of progesterone. When progesterone levels drop it helps cause menstration. Located in the Placenta.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG

Specialist that treats both urinary and male reproduction disorders.

Urologist

Another name for the urinary system.

Urogenital System

The functional unit of the kidney, where all urine is formed.

Nephron

Approximately how many nephrons are there per kidney?

1 million

This organ is apart of the urinary system, it filters your entire blood volume every 15 minutes and gets rid of waste products. It produces urine but does not store.

Kidney

The process of getting rid of waste product in the kidneys.

Dialysis

The connective tissue that holds the kidney in place.

Renal Fascia

This is behind the peritoneal cavity and does not have serous fluid.

Retroperitoneal

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that controls Red Blood Cell count within the blood.

Erythropoietin

Condition resulting from accumulation of nitrogenous waste in the blood.

Azotemia

Opening at the end of the urethra.

External Urethral Orifice

Two or three of these converge in the kidney sinus to form the renal pelvis.

Major Calyx

Blood vessels found in the renal columns.

Interlobar

Rounded cluster of capillaries where urine formation begins.

Glomerulus

Condition caused by the dropping down of a kidney from the upper abdominal wall.

Nephroptosis

Plays major role in concentrating urine.

Nephron Loop

Condition where blood is found in the urine.

Hematuria

Hormone responsible for salt and water reabsorption that help maintain blood volume and pressure.

Aldosterone

Pigment that gives urine its yellow color.

Urochrome

One of the major functions of the kidneys is to regulate ______ _______.

Osmotic Concentration

Three layers of smooth muscle in the bladder.

Detrusor Muscle

Amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined.

Glomerular Filtration Rate - GFR

Kidney region under the capsule, it contains nephrons.

Cortex

This kidney region is the heart of the organ and is where most of the blood supply is.

Medulla

This is the outer layer of connective tissue in the structure of the kidney.

Capsule

This is an indentation on the structure of the kidney. The renal artery, renal vein, and ureter come out of this.

Hilum

These are the collecting ducts involving the structure of the kidney, they look like triangles and come from the minor calyx and go into the nephron.

Renal Pyramids

This structural unit of the kidney is located between the renal pyramids and do not have urine.

Renal Columns

This is located inside the nephron, it performs the first step in the filtration of blood from urine. It also pushed blood into the glomerulus.

Bowman's Capsule

These are large holes in the glomerulus capillaries. And are larger than regular capillary walls.

Fenestra

Located in the Glomerulus and Bowmans Capsule, these are large finger-like cells next to the capillaries.

Podocytes

These are the "fingers" on the Podocytes.

Pedicels

What is the fluid called that is located inside the nephron? (NOT urine)

Filtrate

The movement of water through fenestra by fluid pressure.

Filtration

The diffusion of water.

Osmosis

Filtration has to be (higher or lower) than osmosis or urine will not be formed.

Higher

The process of taking good nutrients from fenestra and putting them back into the blood.

Reabsorption

The process of going from an area of high concentration to low.

Simple Diffusion

In the nephron loop, the _______ _____ narrows and forces water out of the limb into the tissues.

Descending Loop

In the nephron loop, this is enlarged and is impermeable to water. It prevents water from reentering the tubule.

Ascending Loop

These nerves affect filtration rate, constrict the efferent arteriole and causes the blood volume to go up in the golmerulus.

Sympathetic Nerves

These form when urine sediment collects on the walls of renal tubules. It is very painful.

Kidney Stones

These cells help regulate filtration rate and secretes renin into the afferent arteriole.

Juxtaglomerular Cells

An inactive protein in blood that doesn't do anything. Renin converts this protein into angiotensin 1- (the active version).

Angiotensinogen

These prevent urine backflow and are located in the bladder.

Ureter Flaps

Triangle structure in the bladder that is in between the ureters and urethra.

Trigone

Located in between the bladder and urethra. It is a sphincter.

Internal Urethral Sphincter

This sphincter is located in the urethra and it is voluntary.

External Urethral Sphincter

The act of urinating.

Micturition

This hormone is made by the pancreas, is released in the blood and causes cells to TAKE IN glucose.

Insulin

This is a peptide hormone inside the pancreas that causes glucose to be RELEASED into the blood.

Glucagon

A portion of the large intestine that crosses the abdominal cavity directly UNDER the stomach.

Transverse Colon

Serosa that hangs like an apron over the intestines.

Greater Omentum

The process of eliminating undigested waste.

Defecation

These aid in mechanical digestion.

Teeth

A conical projection at the rear of the oral cavity.

Uvula

Salivary gland anterior to the ear.

Parotid Gland

Layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

Submucosa

This means chewing.

Mastication

Wave of contractions in the muscularis externa.

Peristalisis

Cells that secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

Parietal Cells

Ring of smooth muscle that controls the flow of chyme into the duodenum.

Pyloric Sphincter

This factor is needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine.

Intrinsic Factor

Phagocytic cells in the LIVER.

Kupffer Cells

These synthesize vitamin K.

Bacterial Flora

This regulates the movement of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum.

Sphincter of Oddi

The pigment responsible for the brown color of feces.

Urobiligen

A specialist in the stomach and small intestine.

Gastro-enterologist

Process of the removal of the stomach.

Gastrectomy

The study of the small intestine.

Enterology

What is another name for the G.I Tract

Gastrointestinal Tract

One of the functions of the digestive system is ________ , which means taking nutrients into the tissues.

Absorption

This type of digestion involves breaking down food with hydrochloric acid and making it into simpler nutrients that can be used by cells.

Chemical Digestion

What is the abreviation for the word carbohydrate?

Cho

These type of sugars only have one element and they are absorbed quickly.

Simple Sugars

This is a type of simple sugar, is the most basic unit of carbohydrates and only has ONE element.

Monosaccharides

A ________ is the sugar formed when two elements are present.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate whose elements consist of MULTIPLE elements bonded together.

Polysaccharides

This is classified as a monosaccharide, it is broken down and converted into energy. It is a large source of energy.

Glucose

A type of monosaccharide, that is found especially in fruit and honey.

Fructose

A type of monosaccharide that is found in a molecule and it does NOT stand on its own.

Galactose

A type of disaccharide, it produces table sugar and the enzyme sucrase is broken down to make this.

Sucrose

A type of disaccharide that is present in milk.

Lactose

A type of disaccharide produced by the breakdown of starch by enzymes found in malt. It involves the fermentation of alcohol.

Maltose

The main digestive enzyme only found in the STOMACH and has a pH level of 2-3.

Pepsin

An enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides, it has a pH level of 7.4.

Protease

A pancreatic enzyme that speeds up the breakdown of fats or fatty acids and has FREE fatty acid chains. And has monoglyceride-(what we absorb).

Lipase

The ligament that attaches the tongue to the oral cavity.

Frenulum

The act of swallowing and works by tongue action.

Deglutition

A portion of the small intestine that is specialized in absorbing the small nutrient particles that have been previously digested by the duodenum.

Jejunum

This is the shortest part of the small intestine and connects the stomach to the jejunum.

Duodenum

This is the third and final part of the small intestine and contains peyer's patches.

Ileum

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine.

Villi

A small region at the top of the stomach above the body region of the stomach.

Fundic Region

A small region of the stomach connected to the esophagus at the top of the stomach.

Cardiac Region

The largest region of the stomach and it is in the middle. The fundic region is above it and the plyoric region is below it.

Body Region

This region of the stomach is at the bottom and is below the body region.

Pyoric Region