Lecture Exam 1 Chapter 2 Biochemistry Flashcards
biochemistry
the study of the molecules that compose living organisms
the study of the molecules that compose living organisms
biochemistry
element
simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties
element
6 main elements in the body
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nirogen, calcium, & phosphorus
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nirogen, calcium, & phosphorus
6 main elements in the body
minerals
inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed through food chain to humans
ex. soduim, potasium
inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed through food chain to humans
ex. soduim, potasium
minerals
electrolytes
mineral salts needed for nerve & muscle function
mineral salts needed for nerve & muscle function
electrolytes
planetary model
nucleus at the center surrounded by shells with varrying electrons
nucleus at the center surrounded by shells with varrying electrons
planetary model
atomic mass/weight is equal to the number of ? & ?
protons & nutrons
valence electons
orbit the outer most shell & determine chemical bonding properties of an atom
orbit the outer most shell & determine chemical bonding properties of an atom
valence electons
isotopes
varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons
varieties of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons
isotopes
radioisotopes
unstable isotopes that decay & give off radiation
unstable isotopes that decay & give off radiation
radioisotopes
ionizing
intense radiation ejects electrons, destroys molecules, and creates free radicals that can cause genetic mutations and cancer
intense radiation ejects electrons, destroys molecules, and creates free radicals that can cause genetic mutations and cancer
ionizing
physical half life of radioisotopes
time required for 50% decay to a stable state
biological half life of radioisotopes
time required for 50% to dissapear from the body
time required for 50% decay to a stable state
physical half life of radioisotopes
time required for 50% to dissapear from the body
biological half life of radioisotopes
ion
charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons & electrons
charged particle (atom or molecule) with unequal number of protons & electrons
ion
anion
particle that gains electon(s) & net a negative charge
particle that gains electon(s) & net a negative charge
anion
cation
particle that looses electon(s) & net a positive charge
particle that looses electon(s) & net a positive charge
cation
molecule
Chemical particle composed of two or more atoms
Chemical particle composed of two or more atoms
molecule
compound
molecule composed of two or more different elements
molecule composed of two or more different elements
compound
molecular formula
identifies constituent elements & how many atoms of each or present
identifies constituent elements & how many atoms of each or present
molecular formula
structual formula
identifies location of each atom
identifies location of each atom
structural formula
isomers
molecules with identical molecular formula but different arrangement of their atoms
molecules with identical molecular formula but different arrangement of their atoms
isomers
4 most important chemical bonds
ionic bonds
covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
van der wall forces
ionic bonds
attraction between anions & cations (ex.NaCl)
electrons donated from one aton to another
easily broken by water
attraction between anions & cations (ex.NaCl)
electrons donated from one aton to another
easily broken by water
ionic bonds
covalent bonds
simple (one pair)
double (more than one pair)
nonpolar bond
electrons shared equally (stongest bond)
electrons shared equally (stongest bond)
nonpolar bond
polar bond
electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen ex. H₂O)
electrons shared unequally (spend more time near oxygen ex. H₂O)
polar bond
hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a positive hydrogen aton in one molecule & a negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
weak attraction between a positive hydrogen atom in one molecule & a negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
hydrogen bond
mixtures
physically connected but not chemically combined
physically connected but not chemically combined
mixtures
solvency
ability to dissolve other chemicals
ability to dissolve other chemicals
solvency
water is the universal ?
solvent
hydrophilic
substances that dissolve in water
molecules must be polarized or charged
substances that dissolve in water
molecules must be polarized or charged
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
substances that do not dissolve in water
molecules re nonpolar or neutral
substances that do not dissolve in water
molecules are nonpolar or neutral
hydrophobic
metabolic reactions depend on ?
solvency of water
solution
solute mixed with solvent
solute mixed with solvent
solution
solute
smaller particles in a solution
smaller particles in a solution
solute
solvent
more abundant substance in a solution
more abundant substance in a solution
solvent
salt water
which is the solute and which is the solvent
salt is solute
water is solvent
solute can be a ? , ?, or ?
gas, solid, or liquid
solutions are defined by these 4 properties
solute particles under 1 nm
solute particles do not scatter light
will pass through most membranes
will not separate if left untouched
colloid
dissolved but you can see the particles
ex. milk
dissolved but you can see the particles
ex. milk
colloid
suspension
particles settle when left untoched
ex. blood
particles settle when left untoched
ex. blood
suspension
colloids are defined by these 4 properties
particles range from 1-100 nm
scatters light / usually cloudy
particles too large to pass through semipermeable membrane
particles remain permanetly mixed when left untoched
particles range from 1-100 nm
scatters light / usually cloudy
particles too large to pass through semipermeable membrane
particles remain permanetly mixed when left untoched
colloids
solute particles under 1 nm
solute particles do not scatter light
will pass through most membranes
will not separate if left untouched
sollutions
suspension defined by these 4 properties
particles exceed 100nm
too large to pass through selectively permeable membranes
cloudy/opaque apperance
separated when left untoched
particles exceed 100nm
too large to pass through selectively permeable membranes
cloudy/opaque apperance
separated when left untoched
suspension
acid
proton donor
releases H⁺ ions in water
proton donor
releases H⁺ ions in water
acid
base
a proton acceptor
accepts H⁺ ions
a proton acceptor
accepts H⁺ ions
base
pH
0-6 is acidic
7 is neutral
8-14 is basic
0-6 is acidic
7 is neutral
8-14 is basic
pH
buffers
chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
maintaining normal (slightly basic) pH of blood is crucial for physioloical functions
chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
maintaining normal (slightly basic) pH of blood is crucial for physioloical functions
buffers