Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of structure and how things relate to each other.
2
Q
Physiology
A
The study of function
3
Q
Principle of Complimentarity
A
What a structure can do depends on its form
4
Q
Structural Hierarchy
A
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal.
5
Q
Functions Necessary for Life
A
Maintaining Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Dispose of Wastes, Reproduction, Growth
6
Q
Integumentary System
A
Outer body covering
7
Q
Cardiovascular System
A
Transport blood, oxygen and nutrients
8
Q
Lymphatic System
A
Immune System, picks up fluid
9
Q
Respiratory System
A
Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
10
Q
Digestive System
A
Breaks down food into absorbable units to enter the bloodstream.
11
Q
Urinary System
A
Eliminates waste
12
Q
Factors Needed for Survival
A
Oxygen, Nutrients, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure, Proper amount of all factors.
13
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite a changing external environment.
14
Q
Homeostatic Control Systems
A
Endocrine and Nervous System
15
Q
Endocrine System
A
Hormones
16
Q
Nervous System
A
Electrical Impulses
17
Q
Negative Feedback
A
Most Common, Variable changes in the opposite direction of the initial change.
18
Q
Example of Negative Feedback
A
Body Temperature, Glucose Level
19
Q
Positive Feedback
A
Response enhances the effect of the original stimulus.
20
Q
Example of Positive Feedback
A
Blood Clotting
21
Q
Receptor
A
Detects Change
22
Q
Control Center
A
Interprets Change
23
Q
Effector
A
Does the work of Maintenance
24
Q
Homeostatic Imbalance
A
Disturbance of Homeostasis. Most disease can be in regard to Homeostatic imbalance.
25
Stimulus
Generates imbalance
26
Causes of Homeostatic Imbalance
Age, When Negative Feedback Mechanisms are overwhelmed
27
Biochemistry
Study of chemical composition and reaction of living matter.
28
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that don't contain carbon.
29
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain carbon. Larger and have covalent bonds.
30
Water's Vitality to Life
High heat capacity, High heat vaporization, Polarizing properties, Reactivity, Cushioning
31
Water: Organic or Inorganic
Inorganic
32
T or F: Water is the most abundant inorganic compound in living material.
True
33
Salts
Ionic compounds that disassociate into their component ions in water.
34
Electrolytes
Conduct electrical currents in solution.
35
Acids
Protein donors, Release H+ in solution. Low on the pH scale.
36
Bases
Protein receivers, take up H+ in solution. High on the pH scale.
37
Neutralization Reaction
Mixing an acid and a base.
38
pH
Acid Base concentration. Tenfold increments. 0-14
39
pH of Blood
7.4
40
Acidic Liquids
Lemon Juice, Hydrochloric Acid, Wine
41
Basic Liquids
Bleach, Ammonia, Sodium Hydroxide
42
Acid-Base Buffers
Release H if pH rises. Bind pH if it falls.
43
Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System
Buffer system of blood that prevents acidosis and alkalosis.
44
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Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System
45
Types of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, ATP
46
Dehydration Synthesis
How organic compounds are synthesized. Monomers bond from the removal of water.
47
Hydrolosis Reactions
How organic compounds are broken down. Done by inserting water into the bond.
48
Types of Carbohydrates
Sugars and Starches
49
Functions of Carbohydrates
Major source of cellular fuel. Structural molecules (RNA)
50
Monosaccharide
One sugar carbohydrate
51
Disaccharide
Two sugar carbohydrate
52
Polysaccharide
Many sugar carbohydrate.
53
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Dehydration Synthesis
54
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Hydrolysis Reaction
55
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Monosaccharide
56
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Disaccharide
57
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Polysaccharide
58
Lipids are insoluble in ________ but readily dissolve in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Water, other lipids
59
Main types of lipids:
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids
60
Triglycerides are called _________ when solid and _________ when liquid.
Fats, Oils
61
Triglycerides
Composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.
62
Functions of Triglycerides
Energy Storage, Protection, Insulation
63
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Triglyceride
64
Phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus group. Head and Tail.
65
Phospholipid Function
Important in cell membrane structure.
66
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Phospholipid
67
Steroids
Structural and signaling molecules. A lipid.
68
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is found in cell membranes and is the basis for all steroids formed in the body.
Cholesterol
69
Type of Steroid
Testosterone
70
Proteins
Basic structuralized material of the body in addition to many specialized roles in cell function.
71
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the monomers of proteins.
Amino Acids
72
Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Peptide bonds.
73
Structural Levels of Proteins
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.
74
Primary Structure
A polypeptide chain.
75
Secondary Structure
Primary chain forms spirals. Can be in a helix or in a sheet.
76
Tertiary Structure
Secondary structures fold up and form a golbular molecule.
77
Quaternary Structure
Two or more polypeptide chains with it's own tertiary structure form a functional protein.
78
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Primary Structure
79
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Alpha Helix (Secondary Structure)
80
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Beta Sheet (Secondary Structure)
81
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Tertiary Structure
82
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Quaternary Structure
83
Denaturation
Globular proteins unfold and lose functional 3-D shape. Active sites are destroyed.
84
Denaturation is caused by:
Decrease in pH or increase in temperature.
85
Enzymes
Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts. Regulate and increase the speed of biological reactions.
86
Substrates
What binds to the enzyme to be bonded.
87
Enzyme Substrate Complex
When the enzymes are substrate are bonded.
88
Product (enzyme reaction)
What is produced after the substrates leave the enzyme.
89
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
90
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
91
DNA Functions
Provides instructions for protein synthesis. Replicates before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity.
92
DNA is composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Nucleotide Monomers
93
4 Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
ATCG
94
A is always paired with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
T
95
C is always paired with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
G
96
DNA is formed in a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Double Helix
97
Ribonucleic Acid
RNA
98
Function of RNA
Carries out the DNA orders for protein synthesis.
99
Nitrogenous Bases for RNA
AUCG
100
In RNA A is always paired with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
U
101
In RNA G is always paired with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
G
102
RNA is formed in a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Single strand.
103
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP
104
ATP captures the chemical energy in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Glucose
105
Structure of ATP
Adenine containing RNA nucleotide with 2 additional phosphate groups.
106
Function of ATP
Provide Phosphorylation
107
Phosphorylation
Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules.
108
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RNA
109
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DNA
110
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ATP
111
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Phosphorylation
112
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass.
113
Energy
Capacity to do work or put matter into motion.
114
Energy can be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Electrical, chemical, mechanical, electromagnetic
115
Kinetic Energy
Energy in motion
116
Potential Energy
Stored, inactive energy
117
Elements
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. Have unique physical and chemical properties.
118
4 Elements that make up 96.1% of body mass are:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
119
Lesser Elements of the Body (9) that make up 3.9% of body mass:
Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfer, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnisium, Iodine, Iron.
120
Trace elements make up 0.01% of body mass and are part of, or activate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Enzymes
121
Atoms are composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Subatomic Particles
122
3 Subatomic Particles
Proton, Neutron, Electron
123
Protons
Positively charged particles in the nucleus. Make up the atomic number of an element.
124
Neutron
Neutrally charged particles in the nucleus. Help make up the atomic weight, along with protons.
125
Electrons
Negatively charged particles in the electron cloud outside of the atom. Help make bonds with other atoms.
126
Most atoms chemically combine to form ___________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Molecules or compounds.
127
Valence Shell
Outermost electron shell.
128
Electrons in the valence shell:
Have the greatest potential energy. Are chemically reactive and involved in chemical bonding.
129
Octet Rule
Rule of 8's. Most valence shells are filled by 8 electrons.
130
Chemically Inert Elements
Stable and unreactive with a full valence shell.
131
Chemically Reactive Elements
Valence shell not full. Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability.
132
Covalent Bonds
Share 2 or more electrons
133
Ionic Bonds
Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another.
134
Hydrogen Bonds
Attractive force between an electro positive Hydrogen molecule and an electro negative atom of another element.
135
Anion
Negatively charged particles. Particles that gain electrons.
136
Cation
A positively charged particle. An atom that loses electrons.
137
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Electrons shared equally. Produces equally balanced, non-polar molecules.
138
Polar Covalent Bonds
Unequal sharing of electrons produces polar molecules.
139
Chemical Reactions
Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.
140
Synthesis Reactions
A+B=AB. Anabolic and Endergonic.
141
Anabolic
Bond formation within a cell.
142
Endergonic
Energy is absorbed.
143
Decomposition Reactions
AB=A+B. Catabolic and Exergonic.
144
Catabolic
Bond breaking activity within a cell.
145
Exergonic
Energy is released.
146
Exchange Reactions
AC+B=AB+C. Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions.
147
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
Happens when breaking down food for energy. Decomposition of food fuels. Exchange reactions for creating ATP.
148
Factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions.
Increased temperature, Increased concentration of reactant, Decreased particle size, enzymes
149
Mixture
Physically intermixed matter, no chemical bonds
150
Solvent
Greatest amount, dissolving unit
151
Solute
Lesser amount
152
Solution
Homogeneous, solute doesn't settle out. Salt water.
153
Colloid
Heterogeneous, solute doesn't settle out. Jello.
154
Suspension
Heterogeneous, solute settles out, Blood.
155
Cytoplasm is composed of
Cytosol, Organelles, and Inclusions
156
Cytosol
Fluid in which cytoplasmic elements are suspended.
157
Cytosol is what type of mixture?
Colloid
158
Organelles
Metabolic machienery of the cell.
159
Inclusions
Chemical substances
160
Mitochondria
Provide most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration. Requires oxygen.
161
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Mitochondria
162
Ribosomes
Site of synthesis of 2 classes of proteins.
163
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Ribosomes
164
Free Ribosomes
Synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles.
165
Membrane Bound Ribosomes
Form rough ER. Synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell.
166
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Studded with ribosomes that synthesize secreted proteins and membrane proteins and phospholipids.
167
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Metabolism of lipids, sugars, and steroid hormones. Detoxification of drugs, carcinogens and pesticides.
168
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
169
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies, concentrates, and packages protein and lipids from rough ER.
170
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Golgi Apparatus
171
Peroxisomes
Detoxify harmful substances. Neutralize dangerous by-products of cellular metabolism.
172
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs that contain activated digestive enzymes.
173
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Lysosomes
174
Endomembrane System
All membrane bound organelles that share movement between them.
175
Example of Endomembrane System
Rough ER to Golgi Apparatus to Lysosome
176
Cytoskeleton
Elaborate series of rods and linker proteins throughout cytosol.
177
Cytoskeleton is made up of these 3 Rods:
Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
178
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Microfilament
179
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Intermediate Filament
180
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Microtubule
181
The cytoskeleton is involved in:
Cell shape, movement, reproduction, endocytosis, exocytosis, anchoring, distribution or organelles, and movement of vesicles.
182
Cilia
Move substances across cell surfaces with whiplike extensions.
183
Flagella
A longer extension that propels the entire cell.
184
Microvilli
Finger like extensions of plasma membrane. Increase surface area for absorption.
185
Nucleus
The largest organelle. Genetic library with instructions for cellular proteins. Responds to signals by directing protein synthesis.
186
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Nucleus
187
3 Extracellular Materials
Body fluid, cellular secretions, extracellular matrix
188
Body Fluids
Interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
189
Cellular Secretions
intestinal and gastric fluids, saliva, mucus, and serous fluids.
190
Extracellular Matrix
Mesh of proteins and lipids that hold cells together
191
Cell
The basic structure and
192
3 basic parts of human cells:
Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane, Nucleus
193
Lipid Bilayer
The basic structure of the plasma membrane
194
Makeup of the Plasma Membrane
Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol
195
Phosphate heads are:
Hydrophilic and Lipophobic
196
Fatty Tails are:
Lipophilic and Hydrophobic
197
Membrane Proteins
Proteins that coordinate communication with specialized functions.
198
Integral Membrane Proteins
Inserted into the membrane.
199
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Attached to the integral proteins.
200
Glycocalyx
Carbohydrate rich area at the cell surface. Highly specific biological markers.
201
Plasma Membrane Structure
Lipid bilayer and membrane proteins in a constantly changing fluid mosaic.
202
Tight Junctions
Impermeable cell bonds. Prevent fluids and molecules from going between cells. Integral proteins fuse.
203
Desmosomes
Rivets that anchor cells together. Distributes tension through cellular sheet.
204
Desmosomes reduce the chance of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Tearing
205
Gap Junctions
Proteins form pores and allow molecules to pass through cells.
206
Connexons
Pores in gap junctions
207
Gap Junctions are found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Cells
208
Desmosomes are found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Skin, heart
209
Tight Junctions are found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Urinary and digestive system
210
Plasma membranes are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Selectively Permeable
211
Passive Transport
Don't require ATP
212
Active Transport
Requires ATP
213
In Passive transport the substance moves down the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Concentration gradient
214
Two types of Passive Transport
Diffusion and Filtration
215
3 Types of Diffusion
Simple Diffusion, Carrier and Channel, and Osmosis
216
What allows a molecule to diffuse in the membrane?
Lipid soluble, small enough, and if not, carriers able to carry them through the membrane.
217
Simple Diffusion
Lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the membrane.
218
Carrier Mediated Diffusion
Transmembrane Integral proteins transport specific polar molecules.
219
Channel Mediated Diffusion
Transmembrane proteins form aqueous channels.
220
Leakage Channel
Always open channel
221
Gated Channel
A channel that opens and closes with electrical signals.
222
Osmosis
The movement of a solvent (water) across the membrane.
223
Aquaporins
Channels that move water in and out of the cell.
224
Osmolarity
Concentration of solute particles in a solution.
225
Osmotic Pressure
Tendancy of water to move into a cell by osmosis.
226
Hydrostatic pressure
back pressure of water on membrane.
227
Tonicity
Ability of a solution to alter cell's water volume.
228
Isotonic
Has equal amount of solutes in the extracellular fluid as in the cytosol.
229
Hypertonic
Has a higher amount of solutes in the extracellular fluid than in the cytosol. Cells tend to shrink.
230
Hypotonic
Has a lower amount of solutes in the extracellular fluid than in the cytosol. Cells tend to lyse and break.
231
What are characteristics of a molecule that require active transport?
Not lipid soluble, Large solute, Move against the gradient, not able to move down gradient
232
Two types of active transport
Primary and Secondary
233
Primary Active Transport
Energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in the transport protein that pumps solutes across membrane.
234
Sodium Potassium Pump
Needed to maintain Potassium and Sodium levels. 3 Cytoplasmic Na bind to the pump, cause it to change shape, and return 2 K into the cytoplasm.
235
Secondary Active Transport
Dependent on active transport. Drive glucose up it's concentration gradient, transported with sodium.
236
Vesicular Transport
Active transport across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles.
237
Exocytosis
Transport out of cell.
238
Endocytosis
Transport into a cell.
239
Phagocytosis
Cell membrane extensions engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior.
240
Phagosome
Membrane bound molecule from phagocytosis.
241
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Phagocytosis
242
Pinocytosis
Plasma membrane infolds bringing extracellular fluid and solutes inside.
243
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Pinocytosis
244
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
Allows for specific endocytosis.
245
Ligand
A signaling molecule used for receptor mediated endocytosis.
246
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Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
247
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Exocytosis
248
Resting Membrane Potential
Produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across all membranes.
249
Voltage of a membrane ranges from _______ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
-50 to -100
250
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ establishes RMP
Selective diffusion
251
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ maintains electrochemical potential
Active Transport
252
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the main chemical influence on RMP.
Potassium
253
T or F: The Sodium Potassium pump helps maintain electrochemical potential.
True
254
Palytoxin
A toxin found in soft corals that poisons the Na-K pump.
255
Roles of Cell Adhesion Molecules
Anchor, Assist in Movement, Attrack Leukocytes, Stimulate Synthesis or degradation, Signaling
256
Roles of Plasma Membrane Receptors
Contact Signaling and Chemical Signaling
257
Cell Environment Interactions
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Plasma Membrane Receptors, Voltage-gated channel proteins
258
Interphase
Cell grows and carries out functions. 3 subphases.
259
Mitotic Phase
Divides into 2 cells. 2 phases.
260
Mitosis
Nucleus divides
261
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides.
262
Contact Inhibition
Too many cells in a space. Cell division stops.
263
Gene
Segment of DNA with instructions for creating a polypeptide chain.
264
Transcription
Transfors information of DNA sequence to complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule.
265
mRNA
Messenger RNA. Transcript of code from DNA carried to cytoplasm.
266
Translation
Language of nucleic acid translated to language of protein.
267
Cell Differentiation
Development of specific and definitive features in cells.
268
Necrosis
Cell death caused by disease or injury
269
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death.
270
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells to repair something.
271
Atrophy
Decrease in size of cells. Loss of stimulation to blame.
272
Three Pigments that contribute to skin color
Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin
273
Melanin
Produced in the melanocytes in skin. Transferred to keratinocytes to form pigment shields for nuclei. Red-Yello and Brown Black.
274
Carotene
Yellow to orange pigment obtained from diet.
275
Hemoglobin
Pinkish hue of fair skin due to oxygenated hemoglobin pigment.
276
Hair pigments
Melanin and Trichosiderin
277
Red hair pigment
Trichosiderin
278
Vellus Hair
Pale, fine body hair.
279
Terminal Hair
Course long hair of eyebrows and scalp. Can appear around puberty.
280
Alopecia
Hair thinning after age 40.
281
True Baldness
Growth cycles of hair are very short and don't break the skin.
282
What inhibits the growth of hair?
The accumulation of DHT.
283
What is a treatment for hair loss
Minoxidil, or Finnesteride.
284
Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection, Body temp regulation, Cutaneous Sensation, Excretion, Blood Reservoir and metabolic functions.
285
Chemically protective barriers of skin
Melanin and Skin Secretions
286
Skin Secretions
Acid mantle, sebum, and defensins
287
Physical barriers of skin
Strateum Cornum dead cells, Keratin and glycolipids block water.
288
Biological Barriers of skin
Dendridic cells and macrophages
289
Insensible Perspiration
When body temperature is normal, perspiration
290
Sensible perspiration
A cooling mechanism if body temperature rises.
291
Maintaining homeostasis in cold temperature
Skin blood vessels constrict, skin cools.
292
Tactile, Meissner's Corpsicles
Fine touch receptors in the dermal papillae
293
Lamellar, Pacinian Corpsicles
Deep pressure receptors in the dermis and hypodermis.
294
Metabolic functions of the skin
Synthesis of Vitamin D, Conversion of carcinogens, activate some hormones.
295
The dermal vascular supply holds up to _______ of the body's blood volume.
5%
296
Risk factors for skin cancer
UV exposure, irritation of skin.
297
One in ______ Americans develop skin cancer.
5
298
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common, least malignant type of cancer. Stratum basale cells invade the dermis and hypodermis.
299
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Second most common type. Can metastisize. Involves the stratum spinosum. Usually scaly and red.
300
Melanoma
Cancer of the melanocytes. Most dangerous.
301
ABCD Rule
Used for spotting melanoma. A-asymmetry, B-border, C-color, D-diameter
302
Effects of Skin Burns
Denatures proteins and kills cells.
303
Immediate threat of skin burns
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
304
Secondary threat of skin burns
Infection
305
First Degree Burn
Epidermal damage only. Localized redness and swelling.
306
Second Degree burn
Epidermal and Upper Dermal Damage, Blisters appear.
307
Third Degree Burns
Entire thickness of skin involved. May need skin grafts, Not painful because nerve endings are destroyed.
308
Burns are critical if:
Second degree \>25%
Third Degree \>10%
Third degree on face, hands, or feet
309
Treatment of Burns
Removal of burned skin, Antibiotics, Skin grafts, Temporary covering
310
Layers of the integument
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis
311
Epidermal Tissue Makeup
Keritanized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
312
Keratinocytes
Most abundant, tightly connected, produce karatin
313
Melanocytes
Produce melanin
314
Dendridic Cells
Defense Cells
315
\_\_\_\_\_ layers in thin skin
4
316
The 4 layers of thin skin
Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum Corneum
317
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ layers in thick skin
5
318
5 Layers of thick skin
Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum
319
Stratum Basale
Actively mitotic single row of cells. Bottom layer of epidermis.
320
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers of keratinocytes attached by desmosomes
321
Stratum Granulosum
1-5 layers of deteriorating keratinocytes
322
Stratum lucidium
Only in thick skin. Thin clear layer of dead keratinocytes
323
Stratum Corneum
Most superficial layer of skin. Made up of flat, dead keratinocytes.
324
We shed about __________ cells every minute.
50,000
325
Dermal tissue makeup
Connective Tissue
326
The dermis contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Nerve fibers, blood vessels, and hair follicles
327
Papillary Layer
Superficial dermal layer. Loose areolar connective tissue. many blood vessels. Dermal Papillae
328
Dermal Papillae
Dermal ridges that may contain tactile receptors, make fingerprints. Attach epidermis to dermis
329
Friction Ridges
Dermal ridges
330
Reticular Layer
Dense irregular connective tissue. Cause clevage/flexure lines.
331
Appendages of the Skin
Hair, Nails, Sweat and Sebaceous Glands
332
Hair Bulb
Extended deep into the hair follicle
333
Hair Matrix
Actively dividing area
334
Hair Follicle Receptor
Sensory nerve receptors
335
Arrector Pilli Muscle
Muscle attached to follicle. Goosebumps.
336
Nails
Scale-like modifications of the epidermis. Contain hard keratin.
337
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Ducts connect to pores on the skin. Over the entire body. Are able to regulate body temperature.
338
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Axillary and anogenital areas. Secrete fatty and oderous substances. Ducts empty into hair glands.
339
Sebaceous Glands
Secrete oil onto skin. Empty into hair follicles, Everywhere except for palms and soles. Secrete sebum.
