Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
radiation that pass through the body and get detected digitally or with film
x ray
used to diagnose broken teeth or bone
x ray
why can X-ray detect foreign objects in lungs
low density of air
can detect dense areas in the breast
x ray
CT stands for..
computed tomography
still uses X-ray but 3d image is produced
CT
contrast dyes often injected or swallowed to enhance visability
CT
often used to diagnose abdominal, vertebral column and brain injuries, some cancers
CT
uses powerful magnet and radio waves to create images based on diff magnetic properties of organs/tissues
MRI
better images of soft tissues, no radiation
MRI
what is MRI not good for
skeletal or lung imaging
makes 3d images of tissue func instead of anatomy by using injection
Positron Emission tomography
combined with CT or MRI to better ID active tissues
PET
commonly used to diagnose cancer or highlight active brain areas
PET
portion of mesoderm, forms connective tissue and blood vessel
mesenchymal cells
3 cells that fall into mesenchymal cells
fibroblasts, osteoblasts, adipocytes
what percent of cancers are mesenchymal
10%
most diverse of tissue
connective e
all of connective tissue comes from what
mesenchymal cells
main classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
what are cells in connective tissue separated by
ECM that they produce
what do connective tissues have differing amounts of
collagen, elastin, reticular fibers
consist of various fibers along ground substrates,
ECM
clear gel of loose polysaccharides and carb-protein molecules that attract and hold water
ECM
clear gel of ECM is made of what
loose polysaccharides and carb-protein molecules
strongest fiber in connective tissue
collagen
collagen resists tension via…
bundles of cross linked small fibrils
meshlike thin collagen fibrils
reticular fibers
contain elastin protein that allows stretched tissue to recoil
elastic fibers
vitamin c needed to modify what
collagen chains
mostly ground substance surrounding vessels
loose connective tissue
what type of connective tissue is high in collagen and/or elastin
dense
high collagen occurs in what body parts
tendons, ligaments, etc
high elastin occurs in what body parts
artery walls, airways
type of cell in cartilage
only condroblasts/chondrocytes
type of cell in bone
osteocytes, osteoblasts
wave like rubber band structure
dense elastic tissue
most common type of cartilage
hyaline
translucent and has ecm of thin collagen and much water, helps with compression
hyaline cartilage
flexible but resilient to being stretched
elastic cartilage
dense collagen, less ground substance/water to withstand extreme stress
fibrous cartilage
matrix is dense with collagen fibers in arranged pattern
fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage: perichondrium or no
no perichondrium
resists compression, tension in different directions, intervertebral discs, tendons at bone, pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
most common type of cartilage
hyaline cartilage
attract water and hydrated matrix can expand and resist compression
aggrecans
chronic wear and tear decrease what
proteoglycan synthesis
epidermis over both
ectoderm
dermis along back
dermatome
dermis is along front
somatic layer
neural crest cells will migrate between what
echo and mesoderm
what will neural crest cells form
melanocytes
what is thickness of stratified squamous epithelium
it varies
nonvascular stratified squamous consists of what
migrating keratinocytes connected with desmosomes
where are keratinocytes produced
deepest layer from stem cells
1 row of actively mitotic stem cells
stratum basale
specialization area for keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
1-5 layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating
stratum granulosum
what layer of skin is waterproof
stratum granulosum
20-30 layers are dead, glycolipids in extra cellular space
stratum corneum
how many layers are dead in corneum
20-30
dense irregular connective tissue with fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and other WBC, vascular
dermis
what types of cells does dermis include
fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, wbc
2 regions of dermis
papillary and reticular
what type of tissue is the reticular region
dense irregular
during obesity, what can be torn
collagen
where is tattoo pigment located
reticular dermis
loose areolar connective tissue under the dermis
subcutaneous layer
connect dermis to facia and muscle
subcutaneous layer
what types of cells are located in subcutaneous layer
fibroblasts nd adipocytes
which layer is considered not a part of the skin
hypodermis
where is subcutaneous layer located
hypodermis
nails and hair are related to which layer
epidermis
areas of high mitosis in epidermis
nail matrix, hair matric
nail and hair matrix produce what
kerotinocytes
in hair shaft, what deals with nutrient exchange
dermal papilla
melanocytes come from..
neural crest cells
melanocytes have what type of structure
lots of arm like extensions
melanin shields what from what
keratinocytes from UV rays
melanin is digested by..
lysosomes, light skin
melanin is not digested by …
ppl with dark skin
UV rays cause more what
melanin
brown and black forms of color ..
eumelanin
blonde to red forms of color
pheomelanin
amount of pheo vs eumelanin depends on..
what pathway is utilized by melanocytes
determines what PW is utilized by melanocytes
MICR gene
what causes melanocytes clumping
2 alleles
what is melanocytes clumping cause
freckles
what happens to melanocytes with age
less active
cancer of melanocytes
melanoma
why are cancer infected melanocytes likely to go to blood stream
they are from Nuerual crest cells
what is it known as when melanocytes travel to blood
metastasis
where do exocrine glands release to
into a duct or surface
total destruction of secretory cells, what kind of exocrine gland
holocrine
which type of exocrine gland deals with larger molecules
holocrine
secretion is budded off in a vesicle, what kind of exocrine gland
apocrine
secretion leaves via exocytosis, what kind of exocrine gland
eccrine
produce oily sebum that is placed at root of hairs
sebaceous gland
what do sebaceous glands contribute to
maintaining skin, hair moisture, ear wax
sebaceous glands can be blocked by what
its own sebum
sebum is stimulated by…
androgens
coiled gland located in dermis that releases sweat along a duct to the skin surface for evaporative cooling
sweat gland
what makes up sweat
99% water, some NaCl and wastes
basic or acidic: sweat
acidic
what shape is a sweat gland
coiled
which layer are sweat glands located
dermis
release a fatty protein containing secretion that interacts with sebum and bacteria to be odiferous
apocrine gland
what do apocrine secretions interact with
sebum and bacteria
apocrine glands contain what that function in sexual signaling
pheromones
where are apocrine glands located
hairs in armpits, pubic area
muscle attached to base o hair
arrector pilli
when skin heals, what does mitosis create a new layer of
stratum basale and fibroblasts
what heals first in skin healing
dermis, then regular keratinozation
cartilage starting and ending cells
chondroblasts -> chondrocytes
bone starting and ending ells
osteoblasts -> osteocytes
elastic and some hyaline cartilage are surrounded by..
perichondrium
what types of cartilage does perichondrium surround
elastic and some hyaline
resists expansion, can be source of new cartilage
perichondrium
chondrocytes reside in what
lacuna
why are chondrocytes in lacuna
so they cannot migrate for repair but can typically make more ECM
why does cartilage not repair easily
low blood supply
what was most of the bony skeleton at one point
cartilage
initially composed of hyaline cartilage but replaced by bone
endochondrial bond
what removes cartilage from endochondrial bone
osteoclasts
in day 4 of development, what happens
blastocyst enters the uterus
what is the inner cell mass known as
embryo
contributes to placenta
trophoblast
what happens on day 7 of development
implantation
size of bilaminar disc at 2 weeks
2 mm in size
day 14-16 of gastrulation what happens
epiblast cells gain mesenchymal characteristics, migrate, form firs the endoderm then mesoderm, those that didn’t migrate become ectoderm
ecto and endoderm have what kinds of properties
epithelial like properties
mesoderm has what kind of properties
mesenchymal
where does notochord form
along the body midline
notochord signals ectoderm to..
thicken
ectoderm cells signaled by notochord become what
neural plate
what week does neurulation occur
3rd week
what does neural plate ectoderm do in neuralation
sink in along midline, form folds that pinch together forming a tube just below remaining ectoderm
tube formed during neuralation called what and becomes what
dorsal hollow nerve cord, CNS
when do neural tube defects occur
when neural folds don’t close completely
examples of neural tube defects
spina bifida, anencephaly
what helps prevent neural tube defects
folic acid
during neruulation, mesoderm forms what
3 parts on both side lateral to notochord
induce formation of sensory neurons, various skin structures, some skull bones
neural crest cells
hand is what to the shoulder
distal
shoulder is what to the wrist
proximal
top of hand known as
dorsal
palm side of hang known as
palmar
bottom of foot
plantar
if things are on opposite sides they are..
contralateral
if things are on the same side when comparing two structures they are
ipsilateral
head known as what area
cephalic
chest area cavity
thoracic
area just below abdominal
pelvic
manus means what
hand
pedal means what
foot
what does dorsal
back
what are body cavities lined with
serous membrane
what are the abdominal and pelvic areas known as
peritoneal
cavity located around the pericardial
pleural
cavity located between pleural and peritoneal
pericardial
implantation has happened by when
end of the first week
gastrulation is complete by…
end of week 3
folding to tube shape happens wen
week 4
tadpole shape of embryo is achieved when
end of week 5
lines cavities and organs
epithelial tissu e
forms epidermis
epithelial tissue
lines the inside of blood vessels
epithelial
forms exocrine glands
epithelial
forms dermis
connective tissue
forms perchondrium
connective
forms blood vessel wals
connective
makes adipocytes
connective tissue
which has a higher regeneration and turnover rate, epithelial or connective
epithelial
best type of epithelium for diffusion
simple squamous
worst type of epithelium for diffusion
keratinized stratified squamous
apical portion of epithelium means what
top surface
features of epithelial apical
cilia and microvilli
what types of junctions are included in lateral portion of epithelium
tight junction, adhesive belt junction, desmosomes
border between connective tissue and epithelium
basal lamnia
reticular fibers with the basal lamnia form what
basement membrane
what does a goblet cell do
produce mucous that surfaces and protects organs
produce and maintain ECM
fibroblasts
chondroblasts produce what kind of collagen
type 2
example of dense regular tissue
tendons or something like that
example of dense irregular tissue
dermis
what is emt
epithelial to mesenchymal transition
what happens during emt
loss of cell polarity, increased motility,
some functions of emt
developmental, wound healing, cancer metastatis
Why are cancer cells that have mesenchymal characteristics more likely to lead to a poor
prognosis?
enhanced envasivness (can break out of primary tumor), resistant to apoptosis, less reponsive to therapies
epidermis derived from…
ectoderm
dermis derived from..
mesoderm
What do our friends the neural crest cells become in the skin?
they produce melanocytes
what is keratin
found in hair, skin and nails, protects them
What causes different hair textures (straight vs. curly)?
hair follicle shape, hair shaft shape,
what replaces notochord
spine
remnants of notochord in adults
tailbone, core of discs,
what types of anatomy arise from ectoderm
nervous system, epidermis,
what arises from mesoderm 3 regions
somites,splanchnic mesoderm, and somatic mesoderm.
what arises from somites q
skeletal muscles, bones, dermis
what arises from somatic mesoderm
serous membranes, bones and tissue of limbs
what arises from splanchnic mesoderm
cardiovascular system, smooth muscle, organs of digestive and respiratory system
How do neural crest cells arise during development?
Neural crest cells arise at the neural tube boundary during neurulation
How are NC cells similar to mesodermal mesenchymal cells?
they have the ability to migrate and differentiate into a wide variety of cell types
Know relationship bw neurulation and neural tube defects
defects occur when there is an issue with nerulation
includes inorganic materials
bone
how does bone get nutrients
blood vessels
minerals in bone diffuse to what
osterocytes
in bone formation, outermost, only mitotic bone cell
osteogenic
produces osteoblasts
osteogenic
make ECM, e entually inc calcium material
osteoblasts
encapsulated in bony matrix, still live and maintain it
osteocytes
modified WBC that reabsorb bone
osteoclasts
2 types of bone
spongy and compact
gap inside of bone
medullary cavity
different layers of bone in bone articteture feature what
different collagen arrangement
outside of bone known as
periosteum
brown layer on spongy bone
endosteum
where is marrow found
spongy bone and large cavities
where you get new bone cells
red marrow
has fat storage, less RBC and WBC
yellow marrow
bones that had been hyaline cartilage
endochondrial bone
bone that has grown from mesenchymal cells to a complete bone
intramembranous bone
hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone in endochondrial bone formation for how long
til 18-21 years old
end of bone is called what
epiphysis
area of growth
epipheasial plate
middle piece of long bone
diaphysis
injury to growth plate from repetitive force
physeal fractures
Wolffs law
density and shape of bone are molded in response to forces placed on it
bones are typically loaded…
off center
forces on bones are strongest where
on surface
osteoclasts secrete what
acid
osteoblasts localize to where
pits
how do osteoblasts localize where to go
piezoelectrical force
bone loss Is known as what
osteoporosis
Smooth and glassy appearance due to fine collagen fibers
hyaline cartilage
where to find elastic cartilage
external ear
where to find fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, insertion pts of tendons and ligaments
How is hyaline cartilage different from fibrocartilage?
hyaline has type 2 collagen, fibrocartilage type 1, hyaline found in areas requiring smooth surfaces and flexibility, fibro in areas requiring strength
which type of cartilage contain aggrecans
hyaline cartilage, some elastic
where would you find aggrecans in hyaline cartilage
located in ECM
how do aggrecans help with compression
allow for water to be attracted, therefore taking some of the force
what are lacunae
small hollow spaces within ecm of cartilage, house chondrocytes
what is found in perichondrium
fibroblasts on outer layer, chondroblasts on inside layer
where do chondroblasts arise
either from mesenchymal cells or from the perichondrium
How does cartilage grow
either interstitial growth or appositional growth
appositional growth is what
new chondroblasts arise near perichondrium (adds width)
interstitial growth
mature chondrocytes proliferate within cartilage (adds length)
