Exam 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards
moving apart is what
abduction
moving together is what
adduction
pronated is wht
leaning inward, palm down
supinated is what
palm up
what is a fasicle
bundle of muscle cells
what is bipennate
having muscle fibers that slant and attach to a central tendon on both sides,
what is unipennate
tendon develops on one side
parallel muscles is what
fibers in parallel arrangement
what are parallel muscle fibers good for
force
what are convergent muscle fibers
origin is in broad area, comes together to a point
e stands for what in lever action
effort
f stands for what in lever action
fulcrum
R stands for what in lever action
what is being moved
order of fulcrum efoort load for first class
E, F, R
order of fulcrum effort load for second class
F, R, E
order of fulcrum effort load for third class
F, E, R
example of first class lever and what parts are what
triceps are effort (pulldown), trochelar notch is fulcrum, distal end of ulna is load
Lo represents what in levers
length of the load arm (the distance from the fulcrum to the point where the load is applied)
what does li represent levers
while “li” represents the length of the effort arm (the distance from the fulcrum to the point where the force is applied
efort arm>load arm= what
mechanical advantage
load arm > effort arm = what
speed advantage
in second class lever, which arm is always longer
effort arm always longer than load arm
what kind of advantage is present in second class lever
mechanical advantgage
less effort required to move what in second class lever
heavy load
less effort requied to move a heavy laod in what class
second class
example of second class lever
plantar flex
what is order of fulcrum effort load second class
fulcrum, load, effort
in third class, what arm is alwasy shorter
effort arm always shorter than load
third class lever allows load to be moved how
over a long distacne, more effort needed
exampels of third class lever
most skeletal muscles
order of fulcrum effort load third class
fulcrum effort load
in development, what produces skeletal muscle
myotome
as time goes on what does myotome do
produce different shapes of muscle as development goes on
embryonic myoblasts derive from what
myotomes
what do myotomes do
fuse to form multinucleated cells
other myoblasts remain as what
myosatellite cells
muscles can do what to the actions of other muscles
can contribute to or be antagonistic to
prime movers have what muscles and can have what msucles
have antagonistic muscles, can have synergistic muscles
what are synergistic muscles
groups of muscles working in the same direction
nervous system ensures that when agonist is contracting, what is happening
antagonist automatically inhibited
adductors are on what side
medial
abductors are on what side of joint they influence
lateral side of joint they influce
limb anatomy divided into what by what
compartments by dense fibrous connective tissue (fascia)
in compartments, what is shared
innervation
within a compartment what branch out and what do they do
nerves and arteries branch to serve different muscles
how many compartments of upper arm
2
how many compartments of thigh and what are they
3 extensors, adductor, flexor
3 compartments of calf are
dosriflexion, eversion, plantar flexion
what is compartment syndrome
pressure builds within a compartment due to internal bleeding, swelling from injury or overuse, blood flow can be compromised
acute CP is what
an emergency, needs surgery
compartment syndrome is due to what structure
tough fascia that surrounds cavities
what kind of incisions are necessary for compartment syndrome
long incisions to relieve presure, then cut deep into fasia
besides knee flextion, what movement do thigh muscles do
some movement of foot
what does gluteus medius do
abduction, when shortened, brings leg outward
what does lat do besides adduction
bring arm backward
what does chest do besides adduction
brings arm up
heart forms from what
splanchnic mesoderm
heart is largest organ in what avity
mediastinum
how is heart formed in very early development
endocaridla tubes join together -> endocardium surrounded by myocardium from heart
mediastinum includes what
heart and surrounds things (trachea, blood vessels
IN FIST IN balloon, what models what
balloon models the pericardial cavity, fist represents heart
layer of outside portion of cavity = what
parietal pericardium
what covers surface of heart
visceral pericardium
what surrounds the pericardium
epicardium + parietal layer
epicardium + partital layer = what
serous pericardium
cover organs and line body cavities
serous membranes
serous membranes consist of what
mesothelium
what is mesothelium
2 simple squamous layers that secrete lubricating fluid
muscle of the heart
myocardium
layers of heart wall from outside to in
simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue, epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardium, endocardium
another name for epicardium
visceral pericardium
continuous with all blood vessels in innermost part of heart
endocardium
how many pumps in the heart
2
how many phases of circulation
2
two circuits of the ehart
pulomnary circuit, systemic circuit
which circuit is larger
systemic, higher resistance
which side of heart pushes a lot
left
complete order of blood flow through heart
blood into superior vena cava, inferior, into coronary sinus, to right atrium, through tricuspid valve, into right ventricle, through pulmonary semilunar valve, into pulmonary trunk, to the lungs, back to heart through the pulmonary veins, into left atrium, through mitral valve into lect ventricle, through aortic semilunar valve into aorta, then to the body
what is the systemic circuit
oxygen rich blood delivered to the body tissues
what is pulmonary circuit
oxygen poor blood is carried in two pulmonary arteries to the lungs
oxygen rich blood returns to the heart via what
4 pulmonary veins
what is considered pressure
force exerted by pumped blood on a vessel wall
what is considered resistance
opposition to blood flow from friction
what do pressure and resistance together do
move blood
what is systole
heart chamber contraction
what is diastole
heart chamber relacation
what are the 2 ventricles
left and right
are left and right ventricles even
no
which ventricle has more resistance and why
left, thicker walls for more strength
characteristic of right ventrciel
thinner
what are sulci and purpose
fat around grooves in the heart, insulates electrical flow in the heart
what are the sulci names
coronary and interventricular (anterior and posterior)
blood returning from body goes into what
superior and inferior vena cava
after sup and inf vena cava where does blood go
comes into right atrium
right atrium deals with what
different volumes
right atrium does what
pushes blood into ventricle through tricuspid valve
how many ways is tricuspid valve
1 way
cordae tendonae prevent what
eversion of AV valve flaps
what ocntracts with ventricles when talking about chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae attach to what
underside of AV valves
papillary muscles contract with ventricles to do what
hold flaps in place at a time of high pressure in chamber
chordae tendineae ensure what
1 way flow of tricuspid valve
how many flaps for tricuspid
3
flaps of tricuspid made of what
tough material ( collagen and elastin)
blood goes from the right ventricle thru what
pulmonary semilunar valve
oxygenated blood comes into what and goes to what
left pulmonary veins, left atrium
blood comes intoleft ventricle via what
bicuspid valve
left ventricle pushes blood into what via what
into aorta, via aortic semilunar valve
regurgitation means what
backward flow of blood
cardiac fibrous skeleton made of what
dense connective tissue
fibrous skeleton includes what kinds of structures (what do they attach to)
rings that attach to myocardium of ventricles and atria
purpose of rings in the cardiac fibrous ekelton
supoorts and prevents valves from stretching - prevent direct conduction to ventricles
fibrous skeleton motion and why
twisting, truing to maximally squeeze chambers
sounds of the heart come from what
valves
sounds of heart described as
lub dub
lub sound comes form wht
closing of AV valves
dub sound comes from wht
aortic and pulmonary valves closing
aortic valve sounds heard where
2nd intercostal space near sternum
pulmonary valve sounds heard where
2nd intercostal space on opposite side of sternum as aortic valve sound
mitral valve sounds heard in what
over heart apex (5th intecostal spcace) in line with middle of clavicle
tricuspid valve sounds heard where
4th intercostal space near sternum
systole occurs when related to sound
in between lub and dub
diastole occurs when drelated to sound
after dub
what are pectinate muscles, wehre are they located ,what are their function
ridges along wall of atria especially, func is to increase contract force while still aloowing stretch
trabeculae carneae function
prevent suction that would occur on a flat surface, help cordeae tendon contract and keep valves closed and help them open
what are fossa ovalis
scarred area where there used to be passageway as an infant
what is stenosis
cusps are stiff and do not fully open
upstream effects of stenosis and results
chamber must increase its contraction force, hypertrophy, weakening
downstream effects of stenosis
vessel experiences turbulant flow, reduced output to body
stenosis results in whistling when
before it would typically make its heart sound
stenosis can be caused by what
shape, calcium deposits, scarring rom rheumatic fever
mitral valve stenosis results in
narrowin of mitral valve, left atrial hypertrophy
how can stenosis be fixed
with a catheder threaded through vessel into heart
what is insufficient valve
valve doesnt properly close, allows backflow
upstream effects of insufficient
backflow inc volume and pressure, can lead to congestion and enlargement
downstream effects of insufficient
reduced output
when does insufficient make noiuse and what noise is it
swishy sound after it would make its typical heart sound
what can cause insufficient
shape, endocarditis, rheumatic fever, enlarged ventricles
what is endocarditis
infrection of lining inside heart
repair for insufficient
probe synches the valve down
for murmors, how can seriousness be determined
how loud the sound it
lub-murmur dub what kind
systolic
systolic mummur makes what sound
lub murmur dub
systolic murmur indicates problem with what
stenotic semilunar valve (aortic/pulmonary), insufficient AV valve
sound of disatolic murmur
murmur lub dub
murmur lub dub is what kind of murmur
diastolic
disatolic murmur indictes problem with whta
steonic AV valve, insufficient semilunar valve (aortic/pulmonary)
whistle sound indicates what kind of valve defect
stenotic
swish sound indicates what kind of valve defect
insufficient
what is cardiac muscle called
myocardium
lots of cells in a row in myocardium is good for what
electrical conduction
allow small molecules to go from one cell to another
gap junciton
spot rivits in joints between cells, keep them anchored
desmosomes
sarcomeres with sarcoplasmic reticulum with AP cause what
Ca2+release
cardiac muscle has what kind of strucutre
branching, not linear like skeletal
cardiac muscle joined by what
intercalated discs, sarcolemma interlocks
what muscle type would cardiac cell be
slow oxidative, lots of mitochondria
contractile cardiac muscle innervated or not
innervated
how do contractile cardiac muscle cells get APs
neighbors via gap junctions
what creates the ap in the heart
SA node
when theres an AP, there is what
a contraction
motor units or no in cardiac cells
no motor units, dont have to recuit bc every cell passes AP
what is special about autorhythemic cardiac muscle cells
non contractile, they are innervated
pacemaker muscle cells set freq of what
freq of APs that contractile cells recieve
impulses from pacemaker are what
intrinsic
what influcens intrinsic rhytem of pacemakers
autonomic NS
does ANS CAUSE rhytem to occur
no
autorhythmic cardiac muscle cells also called what
pacemaker
PM cells connected framework allow what
left and right can contract at the same time, organize and quickly send APs
very beginning of heart in dev is what structure
Sinoatrial node
driver of conduction in heart
sinoatrial node
SA node passes to what
AV node
AV node passes signal to what
His bundle
His bundle passes to what
purkinje fibers
at junction between atria and ventricle
atrioventriclar node
bundle branches, goes to all contractile cells
purkinje fibers
which part of the conduction system has the highest pace
SA node
AV nodal delay is what
pause that allows blood jusut squeezed out of atria to get down into ventricles
generates impulses
sinoatrial node
impulses from SA node do what and where
pause at the AV node
the AV buncle connects what to what
atria to ventricles
His bundle branches conduct the impulses through what
inteventricular septum
purkinje fibers do what
stimulate contractile cells of both ventricles
where is moderator band found
right ventricle
what does moderator band do
conducts from right bundle branch in septum to a papillary muscle
what can the moderator band be described as
pathway
ANS can influcne what in the heart
sinus rhythm, AV node delay, contractile strength determined by Ca2+ relase
increased Ca2+ release encourages what
harder contraction
AV node delayed is shorter in what state
fight or flight
what are arrythmias
type of heart disease, problem with rhythm and conduction
sinus sick syndrome includes what
sinus bradycardia or tachycardia
what is fibrulation
conduction is disorganized, makes loops
what do ventricles or atria do in fibrilation
they quiver
fibrilation effect on downstream cells
they dont get full AP, weird traveling of conduciton of heart
loop from fibrilation results in…
decreaesd cardiac output, tiny unorganized contraction
avib is what
problem with atria, doesnt usualy affect ventricles
v fib is what
much more serious, can die easily
what is AV (heart) block
transmisioin from AV node to ventricles is partially or completely blocked
conduction pathway in AV block damaged due to
fibrosis, scleosis
what beats out of place in AV block
SA node and purkinje fibers
blockage of conduction/signals for contraction blocked
AV heart block
what isnt getting electrical signal in AV block
ventricles
what is left or right bundle branch block
signaling to one of the ventricles is delayed
left bbb usually due to what
heart disease
implantable cardioverter defibrilator does hwt
detects condction problems, shocks heart if necessaru
right and left coronary arteries branch off of what and run along what
aorta, run along coronary sulcus
each R and L coronary artery has what
descending branch that runs along interventricular sulcus
what is angina
chest pain due to low nutrients supply to cardiac muscle
what is ischemia
not enough blood flow to an area
what is coronary artery diease
coronary arteries are narrow or are blocked, often due to plaques or blood clot
what is angina pectoris
feeling of pressure at the heart due to intemittent coronary blood flow
what is atherosclerosis
plaque buildup
what are thrombosis and embolism
blood clot
if enough pressure is built up in the heart, what can happen
plaque, blood clot could be blown out
what is myocardial infarction
dead heart cells that didnt get enough blood
what is CVD
cardiovascular disease, can be a range of condition
what is heart failure
heart isnt pumping enough to serve the bodu
what is systolic heart failure and often due to what
ventricles are weak and not ejecting enough, often dur to CAD, MR or hypertension
what is diastolic heart failure,
ventricles too thick and stiff so less space for blood, reducing blood volume ejected
which ventricle is more likely to fail
left
in left sided failure, what happens
blood backs up in pulmonary circuit, heart can tpump blood out of heart to blood so it back sup into lungs
right sided failure often follows what
left sided failure
what happens in right sided failure
blood backs up in systemic circuit, right side can t pump enough blood to the lungs so blood backs up in the body
what is congestive heart failure
cardiac output for LV is so low that blood backs up in pulmonar circuit
what can congestive HF cause
dyspenea and pulmonary edema
what is dypsnea
breathing heavy
what is pulmonary edema
fluid buildup in the lungs
accumulation of fluid in the alveloi
congestive HF
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
LV thickens and muscle cells are disorganized
what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause
valve obstruction, arrythmias
leading cause of heart related deaths in those unde 30
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
what fuse in heart development
two endocardial tubes in splanchic lateral plate
what is result of two endocardial tubes fusing
a single heart tube in pericardial cavity
