exam 2 Flashcards
developing brain sits on what
hyaline cartilage
endochondral means what
involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue.
which bones in the head are endochondral
occipital, spheroid, ethmoid
what kind of cells contribute a lot to the face
neural crest
surrounds brain, what region
cranial
parietal bones merge with what
neighboring bone along major sutures
what are fontanelles
seperations in bone by unmodified sutures and larger gaps in new borns
why are there fontanelles present in new borns
allows for birth and further brain growth
when are fontanelles usually fused
18 months
what are fontanelles made of
fibrous tissue with collagen
one or more sutures fuse prematurely , skull grows abnormally with brain growth
craniosynostosis
most common type of craniosynostosis
sagittal synostosis
kind of sutures that better deal with tension forces
serrate sutures
unilateral coronal synostosis
sutures on one side of the skull close prematurely
most cranial sutures are what
serrate sutures
maxilla has what kind of suture
plane
squamous suture has what kind of suture
lap suture
why do male and female have different skull features
effects of androgens and estrogens during development
bone has receptor for what in development q
androgens and estrogens
do you see a suture on the frontal bone
no, it makes orbit
hard palate = what
palatine + maxillary
secondary plate = what
hard palate + soft palate
purpose of secondary palate
protect nasal cavity
in humans there’s a gap between what
soft palate and epiglottis
medial processes of maxilla grow and fuse along what
midline
failure of maxillary and palatine to come together
cleft palate
can affect lip growth
complete cleft palate
nuchal lines form why
that’s where neck muscles attach
why are sphenoid/pteryoid process present
muscles attach there, allow for chewing side to Side
function of pterygoid muscle
chew side to side
temporal bone includes what two major areas
external auditory meatus, zygomatic arch
really thick part of temporal bone present why
due to ear
why is condylar process important
temporomandibular joint
vertebrae arise from what
sclerotome portion of somites
vertebrae surround what
nerve cord
body of vertebrae change how from top to bottom
thinner at top, wider at the bottom
2 areas of curvature
cervical and lumbar
when does cervical curvature happen
develops when baby holds head up (3-4 months)
lumbar curvature develops when
when child is standing, walking (12-18 months)
everything in the back has what kind of curvature
primary curvature
cervical curvature holds what
head
standing causes what
a muscle (psoas major) to encourage lumbar curve development
encourages lumbar curve development
standing, psoas major
lumbar curvature does what for center of mass
brings it forward and over hip, helps keep us upright
why is our back curved
so our weight isn’t distributed evenly stacked on top of each vertebrae
curves in our back can cause what
various back problems
can be result of osteoporosis, thoracic area usually affected
kyphosis
spine curves to side instead of going straight up and down
scoliosis
excessive forward rounding of the upper back
kyphosis
an increase in the curve toward the front of your body that’s naturally part of your cervical and lumbar spine.
lordosis
treatments for scoliosis
therapy, braces, surgery
intervertebral discs made of what
nucleus pulps in center, surrounded by annulus fibrosis of fibrocartilage and ligaments
what part of intervertebral discs resist compression
nucleus pulposus in center
what part of intervertebral discs resist tension
annulus fibrosus of fibrocartilage and ligaments
what can happen to annulus fibrosus
can be torn which is a herniated disc
what is a herniated disc
torn annulus fibrosus
some of notochord is where
nucleus pulpusus
pulpos attracts what
lots of water
annular rung not torn, but is pushing out
bulging disc
pulpy nucleus is pressing out
herniated disc
as you age, what doesn’t regenerate as well in the intervertebral disc
pulpy nucleus
what happens to discs as you age
they get thinner
herniated discs can do what
pinch a nerve, run into spinal cord
characteristic of cervical region
great range of movement
purpose of transverse foramen
blood vessel can pass through
atlantoaxial instability can cause what
poke spinal cord, brain
thoracic region allows for what
rib to attach
flexion and extension (bending over) limited where
along thoracic region
rotation is limited along what
lumbar region
lateral flexion limited where
along thoracic
largest and most inferior vertebra in the cervical region
vertebra prominens
difference in the vertebra prominens
large spineous process, largest cervica vertebra
floating ribs connect where
directly to body of lumbar
ribcage has some flexibility how
cartilage attached to sternum
where is hyaline cartilage located in vertebrae
between articular facets and between centrum and vertebral disc s
where is fibrocartilage located in vertebrae
part of annular ring
second most common reason for dr visit
intervertebral disc issues
age related condition from vertebral disc damage
degenerative disc disease
how is degenerate disc disease diagnosed
MRI diagnosis
bulging/herniated disc can compromise what
spinal cor/nerves
why do young people get DDD
either genetics or misuse of back
how is DDD treated
exercise, rest, epidural steroid injection
for treating DDD where is steroid medication injected and why
into the epidural space, reduce inflammation around the nerves and spinal cord to prevent interference with them
what is the treatment if discs cannot support vertebrae
struts inserted
shoulder area, includes clavicle and scapula
pectoral girdle
if something is more flexible it is less…
stable
attaches limb to axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
muscles that attach to top of humerus
rotator cuff
what does rotator cuff do
control range of where humorous can go
most superior rotator cuff muscle
supraspinatus
most inferior rotator cuff muscle on the posterior side
teres minor
what joint allows for some pectoral mobility
sternoclavicular joint
ways of pectoral mobility
elevation and depression, protraction and retraction, upward and downward rotation
shoulder relies on ligaments for what
support, static stability, limits on movement
ligaments go from what to what
bone to bone
why is shoulder common site for pain
because ligaments and muscles can be pulled and stretched
what happens during shoulder separation
AC joint is compromised
strained or torn is grade what
2 or up
AC joint is what
acromioclavicular joint
one of the most common breaks
broken clavicle
how can clavicle break
fall on outstretched hand, falling on AC joint
can clavicle dislocate
yes
little leaguers shoulder
epiphyseal plate slowly pulling apart
force applied at hand has what effect
pull interosseous membrane tighter and shift some of the load to the ulna
membrane between radius and ulna
interosseous membrane
big articulator for hand
radius
big articulator for humorous
ulna
in the forearm, which bone rotates around which
ulna rotates around radius
colles fracture is what
distal end of radius - hand is pulled away from forearm
colles fracture also known as
dinner fork deformity
how does carpel tunnel syndrome occur
tendons controlling finger Movements over worked, results in inflammation, can affect/compress the median nerve
treatment for carpel tunnel syndrome
brace, rest, ice, possibly surgery is the carpel tunnel is smaller than normal
when would surgery be necessary for carpel tunnel syndrome e
if the carpel tunnel is smaller than normal
differences between pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle
pelvic is more structural support, acetabulum is a deeper socket
what bone part do we sit on
ischial tuberosity
where are lots of hamstring attackemtns located
ischial tuberosity
pelvis differences in male vs female
ilium flares more to side in females, acetabulum further apart which results in different angles of femur
what are the angles of the femur also known as
q angles
what is the result of wider acetabium
drop in efficiency , greater pelvic outlet for childbirth
how does the q angle affect knee
greater q angle = fibers more likely to have injuries, wearing of cartilage under the patella, less knee stability
purpose of the patella
improves leverage and strengthens tendon
hip fractures more likely to who
older ladies as a result of osteoporosis (menopause)
ways to fix hip fractures
internal fixation , hip compression screw, partial hip replacement, total hip replacement
ball and neck of femur replacesd
partial hip replacement
femur is on its way to being dislocated
subluxation
head of the femur splits in half
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
interosseous membrane found where in leg
between tibia and fibula
tibia is main articulator of what
feet and femur
absorb forces from the ground
arches of the foot
foot arches are created and maintained from what
bone, ligaments, tendons
help create arches along foot
keystone tarsal shapes
plantar fascia helps do what to arch
maintain the arch
which directions to arches of the foot go
side to side, front to back
long tendons structure, calcaneous to metatarsal
plantar fascia
help move foot and keep arch up
tendons attached to top of foot
daily use of feet can cause what
posterior tibaltus tendon to weaken
flat feet result in weight shifting where
inside of foot
flat feet can cause what problems
twisting of tibia, knee problems
arthro- means what
joint
fibrous joints what kind of movement
no movement
synovial joints what kind of movement
full movement
cartilaginous joints what kind of movement
some movement
synarthrosis joints what kind of movement
immovable
amphiarthrosis joints what kind of movement
little movement
diathrosis joints what kind of movment
full movement
types of fibrous joints
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
example of gomphosis jt
periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
peg in socket fibrous joint
gomphosis
joint held together by ligmaent
syndesmosisi
joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock, found only in the skull
suture
articulating cartilages glide on a slippery fluid enclosed in a cavity
synovial joints
2 layers than enclose the articular capsule
synovial membrane, fibrous layer
are synovial joints vascularized
yes, have nerves to
what kind of cartilage present in synovial joints
hyaline cartilage
loose connective tissue where synovial fluid is produced from blood
synovial membrane
what kind of tissue is synovial membrane
loose connective
synovial fluid is similar to what
ground substance
viscous slippery fluid
synovial fluid
periosteum continues with this part of the articular capsule
fibrous layer
process of making synovial fluid
cells receive blood, then plasma, then create synovial fluid
what let fluid out of synovial membrane
capillaries
two types of lubrication using synovial fluid at moveable joints
weeping librication, fluid film lube
SF can enter/exit hyaline cartilage, what kind of lubrication
weeping
load is supported by pressure compressing synovial fluid from both sides , what kind of lubrication
fluid film
where is labrum
joint in your hip
meniscus/labrum, articular disc all made of what
fibrocartilage
why re the meniscus, labrum, and articular discs composed of fibrocartilage
improves the fit along articulating surfaces
where is meniscus located
on top of tibial condyle
what is a bursa
fibrous sac containing synvoail fluid
purpose of bursa
protect areas where moving structures overlie each other
common areas for bursa to be present
knee, hip, shoulder, elbow
inflammation of bursa is known as what
bursitis
structure that surrounds tendon
tendon sheath
what makes up tendon sheath
it is synovial membrane
saddle joint movement
moves one way or another
hinge joint movement example
like your elbow
each joint has muscles for what
mobility
some joint have shorter muscles for what
stability, discourages unwanted movements
muscle stability comes from what
muscle tone
if the stability muscles have high tension, what does that mean
lots of support
inflammation of a tendon sheath due to injury or friction
tendonitis
bones of a joint are forced out of alignment
dislocation
reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
sprain
injury to meniscus
torn cartilage
does tmj have typical movement for hinge jt
no
what kind of joint is tmj
hinge
articulardisc of tmj does what
glides with condyle during jaw movement
when tmj naturally dislocates, condylar process moves where
to articular tubercle
what does the disc in tmj do when condylar process moves
it moves with it
TMJ movements
elevation/depression, protract/retract, lateral excursion
common disorders of tmj
displacement of articular disc
when can cause displacement of articular disc tmj
teeth grinding, muscle tightening near joint, jaw malocclusion or maxima is too short to mandible retracts
displacement of articular disc without reduction results in what
jaw can’t fully open
displacement of articular disc with reduction results in what
a click when jaw is opened, a click when its closing
what happens in dislocation of TMJ
condylar process opens past the articular tubercle, gets stuck there
with more mobility at a jt, less what
stability
set of ligaments in shoulder that are somewhat thin and loose in areas
articular capsule
ligament and tendon movements in shoulder protected by…
bursa
what helps create socket in the shoulder
fibrous material in shoulder
the 4 rotator cuff muscles are assocated with areas of what
the scapula
strain of rotator cuff muscle near acromiun. when arm is raised bursa under acromiun is narrowed and presses on them
swimmers shoulder
swimmers shoulder known as
impingement
overuse of rotator cuff muscles can cause
inflammation, tears
humerus slips out of joint toward the front of the body
anterior shoulder dislocation
humerus slips out of the socket and down the body
inferior shoulder dislocation
ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction
Tommy John surgery
what does Tommy John surgery entail
drill into bones and make figure 8 shape with tendon harvested
what kind of joint is knee primarily
hinge joint
what is the exception to the primary joint of knee
there can be tibial rotation when leg is bent
how many menisci in knee
2, one at each condyle
also articulates in gliding fashion along femur
patella
what kind of bone is patella
seismoid bone, embedded in tendon
what tendon attaches to patella
quad tendon, patella tendon
what happens during dislocation of patella
patella slips out of alignment
muscles that stabilize the knee also tend to be used for what
mobility
4 knee ligaments
ACL, PCL, LCL, MCL
ACL stands for
anterior cruciate ligaments
PCL stands for
posterior cruciate ligament
LCL stands for
lateral collateral ligament
MCL stands for
medial collateral ligament
purpose of MCL
keeps knee from going laterally
purpose of LCL
keeps knee from going medially
cruciate means what
cross
susceptible to knee hyperextension
ACL
why do tibia-femur surfaces tend to slide along each other from sharp movements or strong outside forces
because they don’t have a socket
what kinds of force to knee can cause injury inducing rotations
lateral force to the side of the knee
femur rotation while foot and tibia are planted
ACL tear
why is 4 legged stance better
forces from running/ jumping are mainly absorbed by muscles across 4 limbs
why is 2 legged straight leg stance not ideal
force mainly absorbed along bones and joints, causes more knee problems
treatment for knee injuries involve movement why
immobilization causes tendons to weaken
helps with recovery of ligament injuries
a little bit of stress
ligaments between tibia/fibula called what
tibiofibular 1
injured in HIGH ankle sprain
tibiofibular 1
connections between tibia or fibula and tarsals known as what
low ankle
ligaments in ankle try to keep what around what
tibia/fibula around talus
ankle injury, external rotation
high ankle sprain
ankle injury, longer recovery, hockey, skiing
high ankle sprain
ankle injury, shorter recovery, soccer/basketball
low ankle sprain
what is articular cartilage in the ankle
hyaline
not innervated, prone to repetitive injury
hyaline articular cartilage
why is hyaline articular prone to repetitive injury
doesn’t repair well
what can sometimes help hyaline articular to heal slightly
weeping lube
why does articular cartilage not repair well
not vascularized, difficult for chondrogenic cells to localize
what can help chondrogenic cells to localize in articular cartilage
micro fracturing
if the chondrogenic cells do invade the tear in articular cartilage, what happens
the cartilage repair is fibrocartilage and not hyaline
what is microfracturing
drilling holes in the bone to expose the vascular tissue under the bone, blood clot forms, cibrocart forms
most common joint disease
osteoarthritis
osteoarthritis leads to what
disability
progressive deterioatzion of hyaline cartilage at synovial joints, causing inflammation
osteoarthritis
at what joints does osteoarthritis occur
synovial joints
what causes osteoarthritis
overuse, injury at joint, obesity, genetic factors
autoimmune disorder with inflammation of synovium, s fluid over production, joints swell
rheumatoid arthritis
with rheumatoid art, what collects in synovial fluid
autoantibodies
immune response to rheumatoid art causes what
destruction of cartilage and bone, synovium thickens , mobility worsens
what is a pannus and what does it lead to
vascular fibrous tissue connected with rheumatoid, causes worsened mobility
gout arthritis caused by what
high uric acid levels
high uric acid levels in gout art cause what
crystals at the joints
uric acid comes form what (especially in what foods)
breakdown of purines (meats, organs, seafood, beer, beans, some veggies)
what happens when you crack your knuckles
has to do with s fluid - s fluid capsule expands. pressure drops, dissolved gasses release
muscle tissue types
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
muscle type that is voluntary
skeletal
muscle type that is long, multinucleated
skeletal
involuntary, short, not very multinucleate
cardiac
involuntary, no striations, no sarcomere, short
smooth
between individual muscle cells
endomysium
perimysium
bundle of muscle cells/fibers
epimysium
surrounds bundles of perimysium
fill muscle cells and contain protein myofilaments of actin and myosin organized in sarcomere units
myofibrils
actin and myosin organized in what
sarcomere units
unit of contraction, made of thin and thick filaments
sarcomere
thin filaments in muscle
actin
thick filaments in muscle
myosin
when are muscles weakest
when they are shortened or stretched
when are muscles strongest
at resting muscle length
what determines contraction rate of muscle cells
myosin isoform
muscle cells vary due to what
myosin isoform and amounts of glycolytic/oxidative enzymes
type I is what muscle cell
slow oxidative
type ii A is what muscle cell
fast oxidative
type ii x is what muscle cell
fast glycolytic
high mitochondria and myoglobin, what muscle cell
slow oxidative
high capillary density, lots of oxidation enzymes what kind of muscle cell
slow oxidative
have int mitochondria and int myoglobin
fast oxidative
has oxidative and glycolytic enzymes
fast oxidative
fastest contraction rate what muscle cell
fast glycolytic
fastest ATPase activity, glycolytic enzymes what muscle cell
fast glycolytic
which muscle cell generates lactic acid
fast glycolytic
